CONTENTSChapter 1 The Study of Language 1Chapter 2 The Use of Language 20Chapter 3 Speech-Communities 42Chapter 4 The Languages of the World 58Chapter 5 The Phoneme 75Chapter 6 Types of Phonemes 95Chapter 7 Modifications 112Chapter 8 Phonetic Structure 132Chapter 9 Meaning 145Chapter 10 Grammatical Forms 165Chapter 11 Sentence-Types 178Chapter 12 Syntax 193Chapter 13 Morphology 217Chapter 14 Morphologic Types 239Chapter 15 Substitution 260Chapter 16 Form-Classes and Lexicon 279Chapter 17 Written Records 297Chapter 18 The Comparative Method 314Chapter 19 Dialect Geography 339Chapter 20 Phonetic Change 365Chapter 21 Types of Phonetic Change 390Chapter 22 Fluctuation in the Frequency of Forms 415Chapter 23 Analogic Change 428Chapter 24 Semantic Change 450Chapter 25 Cultural Borrowing 470Chapter 26 Intimate Borrowing 488Chapter 27 Dialect Borrowing 504Chapter 28 Applications and Outlook 524Notes 539Bibliography 556Table of Phonetic Symbols 581