Chapter 1 Introduction to Synthetic Leather
Chapter 2 Polyurethanes
Lesson 1 Introduction
Lesson 2 Chemical principles and raw materials
Lesson 3 Waterborne polyurethane
Lesson 4 Applications of polyurethane
Chapter 3 Processing technology of nonwoven fabrics
Lesson 1 Introduction to nonwoven fabrics
Lesson 2 Synthetic fibers used in nonwoven fabrics for Synthetic leather
Lesson 3 The technics of nonwovens fabrics
Lesson 4 The finishing of nonwoven fabrics
Chapter 4 The technics of wet process
Lesson 1 Introduction to processing of base
Lesson 2 The dipping technics
Lesson 3 Coagulation and washing
Chapter 5 Dry transfer-coating technology
Lesson 1 The mechanism of dry transfer-coating
Lesson 2 Coating agent
Lesson 3 Release paper
Lesson 4 The technics of dry process
Lesson 5 The structures and properties of paint film
Lesson 6 Clean production technologies of dry process
Chapter 6 Finishing
Lesson 1 Embossing
Lesson 2 Roller coating and spray coating
Lesson 3 Milling and polishing
Lesson 4 Surface treatment
Chapter 7 The technics of sea-island fiber synthetic leather
Lesson 1 Introduction to microfiber
Lesson 2 The manufacturing principle and process flow of sea-island fiber
Lesson 3 The after-spinning technology of sea island fiber
Lesson 4 Dyes and dyeing
Lesson 5 Dyeing methods
Chapter 8 The defects and tested properties of synthetic leather
Lesson 1 The defects of synthetic leather
Lesson 2 The tested properties of synthetic leather
References
Words List
內容試閱：
1. Classification of artificial leather
At present, there is no unanimous rule about the classification of artificial leather and synthetic leather. Generally speaking, in the manufacturing process of artificial leather, the woven fabrics in which the warp and weft interweave are as substrate, while for the synthetic leather, the nonwoven fabrics are as substrate.
In China, people call the artificial leather which is produced by PVC resin as PVC artificial leather; while those produced by PU resin are named as PU leather. In detail, the synthetic leather which is produced by using PU resin and ordinary nonwovens is called PU synthetic leather. If the synthetic leather is produced with microfiber nonwoven fabrics and PU, it is called microfiber PU synthetic leather.
2. The development history of products
Because the supply of natural leather and the increasing demand to leather becomes unbalanced, the artificial leather and synthetic leather gradually develop. In the 1930s, people began to study the substitutes of leather by using different chemicals and methods. The artificial leather coated with PVC polymer appeared in the 1930s, which realized the large-scale industrialization in the replacement of leather. This is the first generation product of artificial leather.
The PVC artificial leather is a kind of imitative leather product in which the woven or knitted fabrics are as substrate and polyvinyl chloride resin is as coating. The purpose is to make the appearance of PVC artificial leather is similar to that of leather. Its characteristics are bright appearance, soft texture, wear resistance, folding resistance, acid and alkali resistance, etc. Because it is cheap, has strong surface strength and is easy to be processed, it is widely used in vehicles, furniture and decoration. PVC artificial leather which is as the substitute of leathers has obvious shortcomings, such as poor adhesion with base, weather resistance, handle and softness. The addition of plasticizer can improve the softness of products, but the smell is worse.
Since 1970s, through the development of 30 years, PVC artificial leather in China has been developed into a large scale. However, the development of PVC artificial leather in recent years has been restricted because of its weaknesses in performance and technics. At present, the application of PVC artificial leather has been reduced. With the development of PU synthetic leather, especially the appearing of the third generation artificial leather which is the microfiber leather, the development of artificial leather moves to newer level. So the market position of PVC artificial leather is gradually being replaced.
On the other hand, in recent years, the human realized the harm caused by the destroying to environment, so they increasingly pay attention to environmental protection. PVC is very harmful to human health and the environment, which attracts the attention of international environmental organizations and relevant person to PVC. Some ecologists and International Greenpeace believes that the chlorine industry, especially the PVC industry, is the main source of dioxin in the environment. In PVC production process highly toxic dioxin will be produced, toxic additives in PVC products also can pollute the environment. These toxic materials will enter the human body which has carcinogenic effect. Meantime, the treatment of PVC wastes is more difficult. Whether these wastes are burned or buried, they will produce and release dioxins and chlorinated compounds which can cause the land and water pollution. The recycling of PVC also is very difficult.
In the data provided by Greenpeace, the animal tests show that chemical additives phthalein which can make the PVC more flexible, has large effect on the kidney, liver and testis of human body. That is to say, it can cause cancer, damage to kidney and the function reconstruction system of human body. In recent years, some experiments suggest that the children may inhale toxic chemicals from PVC toys. Therefore, in recent years, Greenpeace, ecological organizations, the Greens or ”green” politicians who come from European countries and cities continue to put the pressure on government, as a result, some governments adopt the policy to limit the use of PVC products. For example, Netherland has prohibited using PVC as packaging and Belgium had levied ”ecological tax” to PVC water bottle.
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