Chapter 1 Introduction 001
1.1 Fluidization and fluidized bed 001
1.2 Typical ΔPB-Ug relationship 003
1.3 Geldart powder classification 006
1.4 Gas-solid fluidization regimes 007
1.5 Fluidization applications 010
1.6 Miniaturization of fluidized beds 013
1.7 Micro fluidized bed applications 017
1.8 Sources of information on micro fluidization 018
Abbreviation 019
Nomenclature 019
References 020
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Gas-Solid Micro Fluidization 027
2.1 Bed pressure drops in micro fluidized beds 027
2.1.1 The bed pressure drop overshoot 028
2.1.2 The bed pressure drop offset 030
2.1.3 Deviation from the Ergun equation 033
2.2 Mechanistic analysis of the wall effects 036
2.2.1 The wall frictional force 038
2.2.2 Increase in bed voidage 043
2.2.3 Inhomogeneous flow 045
2.3 Discussions on the wall effects 050
2.4 Other influencing factors 053
2.4.1 Influence of particle diameter 053
2.4.2 Influence of gas properties 055
2.4.3 Influence of temperature 056
Abbreviation 057
Nomenclature 057
References 059
Chapter 3 Gas and Solid Mixing 062
3.1 Experimental and analytic techniques 062
3.1.1 Gas residence time distribution 063
3.1.2 Axial dispersion model 065
3.2 Gas mixing 069
3.2.1 Gas residence time distribution 069
3.2.2 Axial gas dispersion coefficient 071
3.2.3 Two-phase model analysis 072
3.2.4 The criteria for plug flow of gas in micro fluidized beds 077
3.3 Solid mixing 081
3.3.1 Solid mixing simulation 081
3.3.2 Particle feeding simulation 082
Abbreviation 086
Nomenclature 086
References 088
Chapter 4 Micro Fluidization Regimes 090
4.1 Experimental observations 090
4.2 Fixed bed 092
4.3 Minimum fluidization velocity 096
4.3.1 Factors influencing Umf 096
4.3.2 Prediction of minimum fluidization velocity 099
4.4 Particulate fluidization 102
4.5 Bubbling fluidized bed 104
4.5.1 The onset of bubbling fluidization 104
4.5.2 Prediction of minimum bubbling velocity 107
4.5.3 Bubble size 108
4.6 Slugging fluidized bed 109
4.6.1 The onset of slugging fluidization 109
4.6.2 Prediction of slugging velocity 111
4.7 Turbulent fluidized bed 113
4.7.1 The onset of turbulent fluidization 113
4.7.2 Prediction of transition velocity Uc 115
4.8 Distinction between micro and macro fluidized beds 116
4.9 Fluidization regime map for micro fluidized beds 119
Nomenclature 125
References 127
Chapter 5 Hydrodynamic Modeling of Micro Fluidized Beds 129
5.1 CFD modeling approaches 129
5.2 Two-fluid method 132
5.2.1 TFM formulation 132
5.2.2 TFM simulations and validations 136
5.2.3 TFM-predicted MFB hydrodynamics 140
5.3 The discrete element method 144
5.3.1 Model formulation 145
5.3.2 DEM simulations and validations 146
5.3.3 DEM-predicted MFB hydrodynamics 147
5.4 A brief discussion and future perspective 152
Abbreviation 153
Nomenclature 153
References 154
Chapter 6 Microreactors for Thermal Analysis of Gas-Solid Thermochemical Reactions 158
6.1 Thermal analysis approaches 158
6.1.1 Thermochemical reaction pathways 158
6.1.2 General requirements for thermal analysis approaches 159
6.2 Microreactors for thermal analysis 163
6.2.1 General approaches and requirements 163
6.2.2 Classification of microreactors 163
6.3 Furnace heating micro reactors 166
6.3.1 Micro fixed bed reactor 166
6.3.2 Gas pulsed microreactor 167
6.3.3 Thermogravimetric analyzer 168
6.3.4 The single and tandem ?-reactors 170
6.3.5 Drop-tube reactor 172
6.3.6 Catalyst cell fluidized bed reactor 173
6.4 Resistively heated micro reactors 174
6.4.1 Wire mesh reactor 174
6.4.2 Curie point reactor 176
6.4.3 Pulse-heated analysis of solid reaction reactor 177
6.4.4 Microprobe reactor 178
6.5 Particle bed heating micro reactors 178
6.5.1 Micro spouted bed reactor 178
6.5.2 Micro fluidized bed reactor 179
6.6 Other non-resistively heating micro reactors 180
6.6.1 Microwave microreactor 180
6.6.2 Laser ablation reactor 180
6.6.3 Thermal plasma reactor 181
6.7 Remarks 182
Abbreviation 184
References 184
Chapter 7 System of Micro Fluidized Bed Reaction Analysis 188
7.1 System configurations 189
7.1.1 System configurations of micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer 189
7.1.2 Micro fluidized bed reactor design 192
7.1.3 Solid sample feeding method 194
7.1.4 Liquid sample feeding method 195
7.1.5 Online gas sampling and analysis 196
7.1.6 Online particle sampling 197
7.1.7 Change of reaction atmosphere 198
7.2 Kinetic data analysis 200
7.2.1 Data acquisition 200
7.2.2 Data processing 201
7.2.3 Kinetic modeling 202
7.3 New developments in MFBRA 203
7.3.1 MFB thermogravimetric analyzer 203
7.3.2 Induction heating MFB 205
7.3.3 External force assistance 206
7.3.4 Micro spouted bed reaction analyzer 208
7.3.5 Membrane-assisted micro fluidized beds 208
7.3.6 Other developments 209
Abbreviation 209
Nomenclature 210
References 211
Chapter 8 Characteristics of Micro Fluidized Bed Reaction Analyzers 215
8.1 Approaching intrinsic kinetics 215
8.1.1 High heating and cooling rates 216
8.1.2 Effective suppression of diffusion 217
8.1.3 Close-to-plug flow of gas 220
8.1.4 Bed homogeneity 222
8.1.5 Applied kinetics 222
8.2 Understanding reaction mechanism 226
8.2.1 Revealing the true character of fast reactions 226
8.2.2 Detecting intermediary reactions 228
8.2.3 Decoding the reaction mechanism 229
8.2.4 Reactions with in/ex-situ solid particles 230
8.2.5 Non-isothermal differential applications 232
8.3 Reactions under water vapor atmosphere 233
8.3.1 High moisture content feedstocks 233
8.3.2 Reactions with steam as reactants 234
8.4 Sampling and characterization of solid particles during a reaction process 235
8.5 Multistage gas-solid reaction processes 236
8.6 Reaction kinetics under product gas inhibitory atmospheres 238
8.6.1 Isotope tagging method 238
8.6.2 Comparisons between the micro fluidized bed and thermogravimeter 239
Abbreviation 240
Nomenclature 241
References 241
Chapter 9 Applications of Micro Fluidized Beds 244
9.1 Drying 244
9.2 Adsorption 245
9.2.1 CO2 capture using capsulated liquid sorbents 246
9.2.2 CO2 capture using solid adsorbents 247
9.2.3 CO2 capture by gas-solid reactions 247
9.3 Catalytic reaction 249
9.3.1 Catalytic gas reaction 249
9.3.2 Catalytic gas-solid reaction 250
9.4 Thermal decomposition 255
9.4.1 Liquid decomposition 255
9.4.2 Solid decomposition 256
9.5 Pyrolysis 257
9.5.1 Biomass pyrolysis 258
9.5.2 Coal and oil shale pyrolysis 259
9.5.3 Blended material pyrolysis 259
9.6 Thermal cracking 262
9.7 Gasification 264
9.7.1 Biomass gasification 264
9.7.2 Coal gasification 265
9.7.3 In/ex-situ char gasification 265
9.8 Combustion 267
9.8.1 Decoupling combustion 267
9.8.2 Oxy-fuel combustion 268
9.8.3 Chemical looping combustion 269
9.8.4 In/ex-situ chart combustion 270
9.9 Reduction 272
9.9.1 Iron ore reduction 272
9.9.2 Nitrogen oxide reduction by tar 273
9.9.3 WO3 reduction-sulfurization 273
9.10 Other reactions 274
References 274
Chapter 10 Applications of MFBR in Industrial Process Development 281
10.1 Advanced combustion with low-NOx emissions 281
10.1.1 Low-NOx combustion technology 281
10.1.2 NOx reduction by pyrolysis products 283
10.1.3 Pilot experiments and commercial application 287
10.2 Reaction characteristics tested by MFBRA for biomass staged gasification 290
10.2.1 Staged gasification process analysis using MFBRA 290
10.2.2 Characteristics of gasification sub-processes by MFBRA 291
10.2.3 Design of an industrial FBTS gasification process 299
10.3 Light calcination of magnesite using transported bed 301
10.3.1 Existing technology and equipment 302
10.3.2 Kinetic analysis of magnesite calcination 302
10.3.3 Advanced transport bed calcination process 304
10.3.4 Engineering commissioning of a 400 kt/a industrial process 306
Abbreviation 307
Nomenclature 308
References 308
Chapter 11 Characterization of Liquid-Solid Micro Fluidized Beds 311
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Hydrodynamics properties 312
11.2.1 Manufacturing methods 312
11.2.2 Minimum fluidization velocity 313
11.2.3 Mixing 318
11.2.4 Mass transfer 319
11.3 Applications 322
11.3.1 Chemical conversions 322
11.3.2 Bioprocessing and bioproduction 322
11.3.3 Other applications 329
11.3.4 Challenges and prospects for MFB scaling-up 329
11.4 Conclusion 330
Abbreviation 330
Nomenclature 331
References 331
Chapter 12 Characterization of Gas-Liquid-Solid Micro Fluidized Beds 338
12.1 Hydrodynamics 338
12.1.1 Pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity 338
12.1.2 Flow regimes， expanded behavior， solid holdup， and multi-bubble behavior 349
12.2 Applications 366
12.2.1 Chemical reactions 366
12.2.2 Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) 367
12.2.3 Catalytic oxidation of crotonaldehyde to crotonic acid 372
12.3 Summary 375
Nomenclature 375
References 377
Future Prospects 378
內容試閱：
We are pleased to present this first monograph on micro fluidization. Micro fluidization， conceptually introduced in 2005， has emerged at the forefront of chemical engineering over the past decade. Micro fluidized bed reactors combine the advantages of microreactors and particle bed reactors， and thus potentially bring a revolutionary shift in the paradigm of particle reaction system development and scale-up. Compared to traditional large-scale fluidized beds， micro fluidized beds have unique characteristics， including small-scale operation， high rates of heat and mass transfer， high selectivity， high conversion， high operation safety， and ease of operation. After more than ten years of continuous fundamental research on hydrodynamics， gas backmixing， solids mixing， modeling， and chemical reactions， researchers worldwide have published hundreds of peer-reviewed articles about micro fluidized beds in various resources. We reviewed these publications and found that the available information was somewhat scattered， which motivated us to undertake some systematic and comprehensive analyses on almost all aspects of micro fluidized beds， especially their fundamentals and applications. We believe that all these analyses， together with recent results reported by other research groups and us， would be helpful for researchers， engineers， and those concerned with micro fluidized bed technology. For this reason， we wrote this book.
This monograph is composed of twelve chapters. Chapter 1 briefly introduces the research background and history of micro fluidized beds and outlines their applications. Chapter 2 summarizes the hydrodynamic characteristics of gas-solid micro fluidized beds， focusing on the discussion of the wall effect. Chapter 3 examines gas and solids mixing in micro fluidized beds. Chapter 4 reviews fluidization regimes and transitions in micro fluidized beds with the proposed fluidization maps. Chapter 5 outlines investigations on micro fluidized bed hydrodynamics based on the two-fluid and computational fluid dynamic-discrete element models. Chapters 6 to 10 focus on applications of gas-solid micro fluidized beds， especially characterizations of various physical and thermochemical reaction processes: Chapter 6 presents a brief description of different thermal analytic reactors commonly used in research of the engineering thermochemistry; Chapters 7 and 8 describe the design characteristics， analytical methodologies， and characteristics related to the micro fluidized bed reaction analyzers (MFBRA); Chapter 9 outlines a wide range of physical and chemical reaction processes investigated using MFBRA; Chapter 10 presents several advanced industrial processes that have been developed， designed， and commercialized with the assistance of MFBRA. Chapters 11 and 12 are devoted to liquid-solid and gas-liquid-solid micro fluidized beds.
A number of individuals have contributed to this monograph. Drs. Guangwen Xu and Dingrong Bai (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology， China) compiled Chapters 1-9; Drs. Ping An and Zhennan Han (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology， China) and Dr. Xi Zeng (Beijing Technology and Business University， China) prepared Chapter 10; Dr. Yi Zhang (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences， China) and Dr. Vladimir Zivkovic (Newcastle University， UK) contributed Chapter 11; and Dr. Mingyan Liu (Tianjin University， China) provided Chapter 12.
This monograph is intended for scientists and researchers who wish to broaden their knowledge in fluidization and powder technology， including micro fluidization and its application processes， engineers and practitioners who wish to learn about the latest developments in micro fluidization， and graduate students in chemical engineering who need to understand and follow the latest developments and publications of micro fluidization. We hope that readers may find this book interesting and valuable.
By and large， the materials presented in this book represent， a body of research results that have appeared in numerous publications， contributed by our worldwide colleagues， including our former and present students. We acknowledge those whose dedicated research has made the writing of this book possible. We are especially grateful to those we have cooperated with in research projects on micro fluidized bed research. We appreciate the members of our research groups for their assistance in figures， logistics， administrative details， revisions， and proofreading.
We thank National Natural Science Foundation of China， the Ministry of Science and Technology of China， and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for funding some of the expenses related to the preparation of this book. We appreciate their financial support of several studies that have helped us gain experience and expertise in micro fluidization and related areas. Finally， we sincerely thank the Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier staff， especially Lan Yu and Yan Zhang， for their editorial contributions with constant encouragement and guidance.
Last but not least， we are incredibly grateful to our families for their love， support， patience， and sacrifice.
Guangwen Xu and Dingrong Bai
Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Material of Ministry of Education
Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
Shenyang 110142， China
Mingyan Liu
Tianjin University
Tianjin 300072， China
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