Brief Introduction to Intercultural Communication
11 Defining and Describing Culture 2
111 Two Types of Culture 2
112 Five Dimensions of Culture 3
113 Characteristics of Culture 5
12 Culture and Communication9
121 Defining and Describing Communication9
122 Relationship Between Culture and Communication 10
13 Defining and Describing Intercultural Communication13
131 Definition of Intercultural Communication 13
132 Five Elements in the Communication Process 14
Chapter 2
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
21 Introduction to Verbal Communication 22
211 Role of Language in Verbal Communication 23
212 Receptive and Productive Language Skills 25
213 Need for Using Bias-Free Language 26
214 Types of Verbal Communication 26
22 Verbal Communication Skills 29
221 Effective Verbal Communication 29
222 Examples of Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace 29
223 7Cs of Communication 32
224 Steps to Improve Your Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace 33
23 Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 36
231 Definition of Nonverbal Communication 37
232 Types and Features of Nonverbal Communication 37
24 Functions of Nonverbal Communication 43
241 Conveying Meaning43
242 Regulating Conversational Flow44
243 Affecting Relationships45
244 Expressing Identities49
25 Guidelines to Improve Nonverbal Competence 51
Chapter 3
Communicative Competence & Intercultural Competence
31 Communicative Competence & Intercultural Communicative
Competence60
311 Framework for Communicative Competence 61
312 Concept of Intercultural Communicative Competence 62
313 Concept of Transcultural Competence 63
314 Skills of Multilingual Communicators 64
32 Communicating Under Different Cultural Contexts 65
321 Differences in Greetings66
322 Differences in Approval and Disapproval Movements 68
323 High-Contact Culture & Low-Contact Culture 71
324 Signs Cannot Be Used Casually Abroad 73
33 A Recipe for Successful Intercultural Communication 75
331 A Heart Set 76
332 A Mindset 77
333 A Skill Set 78
334 Other Practical Approaches 79
34 Culture Shock 79
341 Five Stages of Culture Shock 79
342 Reverse Culture Shock 83
343 Transition Shock 84
Chapter 4
Cultural Patterns
41 A Brief Introduction to Cultural Patterns 90
411 Beliefs91
412 Values 92
413 Norms94
42 High-Context & Low-Context Cultures 96
421 High-Context Culture96
422 Low-Context Culture 97
423 Differences Between High-Context Culture & Low-Context Culture 98
424 China—A Country in a High-Context Culture 101
425 America—A Country in a Low-Context Culture 102
43 Cultural Dimensions Theory 106
431 Masculinity & Femininity 107
432 High Power Distance & Low Power Distance 109
433 Collectivism & Individualism 113
434 Uncertainty Avoidance 117
435 Long-Term Orientation & Short-Term Orientation 119
44 Values Orientation Theory124
441 Human-Nature Orientation 125
442 Man-Nature Orientation126
443 Time Orientation 127
444 Activity Orientation 128
445 Relational Orientation 129
Chapter 5
Intercultural Communication in Various Social Contexts
51 Family and Friends136
511 Brief Introduction to Relationship136
512 Family Relationships 137
513 Friendships 138
52 Education140
521 Relationship Between Education and Culture 140
522 Cultural Dimensions in an Educational Context 141
53 Economics and Business144
531 Three Main Factors Influencing International Communication in Business144
532 Important Tips on Doing Business Internationally146
54 Principles and Rules of Intercultural Communication148
Chapter 6
Cultural Bias
61 Stereotype158
611 Definition of Stereotype158
612 Three Major Types of Stereotypes 159
613 Two Dimensions of Stereotypes 160
614 Characteristics of Stereotypes 160
615 Causes of Stereotypes 161
616 Influences of Stereotypes162
617 Tips on Reducing Stereotypes 163
62 Prejudice 172
621 Definition of Prejudice173
622 Seven Types of Prejudice173
623 Causes of Prejudice 177
624 Influences of Prejudice 179
63 Racism183
631 Brief Introduction to Racism183
632 Four Main Types of Racism 184
633 Causes and Effects of Different Types of Racism 186
634 Ways to Cope with Racism192
64 Stereotypes, Prejudice & Intercultural Communication 194
641 Interrelationship Among Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimination194
642 Impacts of Stereotype and Prejudice on Intercultural Communication 197
Chapter 7
Identity
71 Personal Identity 202
72 Social Identity 206
721 Understanding of Social Identity 207
722 Henri Tajfel and His Social Identity Theory208
723 Three Stages of Social Identity Awareness 209
724 Realistic Group Conflict Theory: Intergroup Conflict212
725 Identity Threat 217
73 Cultural Identity 220
731 Definition of Cultural Identity 220
732 Major Types of Cultural Identities 222
733 Formation of Cultural Identity: Jean S Phinney’s Three-Stage Model of
Ethnic Identity Development 225
Chapter 8
Globalization and Global Citizenship
81 Globalization 234
811 Overview of Globalization 234
812 Economic Globalization 237
813 Political Globalization 239
814 Cultural Globalization240
82 Global Citizenship 248
821 Definition of Global Citizenship 248
822 Core Themes of Global Citizenship 249
823 Outlooks of Global Citizenship 251
824 Skills Needed for Global Citizenship251
83 Global Citizenship Education 256
831 Definition of Global Citizenship Education 256
832 Pedagogical Features of Global Citizenship Education 257
References 269