Acknowledgements xxii1?Introduction 11.1?About you... 21.2?What is stylistics? 31.3?Some debates about the methods and purpose of stylistics 61.4?The background to the study of language and literature 91.5?The purpose of this book 101.6?The structure of this book 112?Sound and metre in poetry 152.1?Introduction 162.2?Sound patterning 172.3?Stress and metrical patterning 322.4?Conventional forms of metre and sound 382.5?The poetic functions of sound and metre 432.6?Analysis of poetry: checklist 45??Suggestions for further reading 473?Grammar and literary style 493.1?Introduction 503.2?What is grammar? 523.3?Attitudes to grammar: prescription and description 523.4?Two levels of grammar: morphology and syntax 543.5?Word classes 583.6?Describing noun and verb phrases 643.7?Describing sentences 703.8?Foregrounding and grammatical form 753.9?Analysis of grammar: checklist 79??Suggestions for further reading 804?Meaning 814.1?Introduction 824.2?Semantics 824.3?Context 884.4?Register 924.5?Literal language and figurative language 954.6?Metaphor and language change 1114.7?Functions of figurative language use 1124.8?Analysis of meaning: checklist 113??Suggestions for further reading 1145?Stylistic applications to drama 1155.1?Introduction 1165.2?How should we analyse drama? 1185.3?Differences between speech and writing 1215.4?Analysing dramatic language 1305.5?Analysis of dramatic texts: checklist 142??Suggestions for further reading 1436?From classic realism to modernism and postmodernism 1456.1?Introduction 1466.2?Literary perspectives on realist texts 1476.3?The emergence of realism 1526.4?Stylistic characteristics of realist texts 1536.5?After classic realism 1656.6?The origins of modernism 1696.7?Stylistic characteristics of modernist texts 1696.8?The origins of postmodernism 1726.9?Stylistic characteristics of postmodernist texts 1746.10?The function of style in fiction 1806.11?Analysis of fiction: checklist 183??Suggestions for further reading 1847?Style in popular texts 1857.1?Introduction 1867.2?Exploiting patterns in sound and meaning: headline texts 1877.3?Lexical creativity 1897.4?Targeting the reader 1907.5?Reference and deixis 1977.6?Transferring meaning: metaphors in advertising 2017.7?Analysis of popular texts: checklist 204??Suggestions for further reading 2068?Theory and style: next steps 2078.1?Overview 2088.2?Linguistics and literary criticism 2098.3?Texts and the reader 2118.4?Text as discourse 2128.5?Critical text analysis 2138.6?Theory and practice: some further questions 2158.7?Conclusions 216Suggested answers to activities 217Glossary 237References 249Bibliography 255Index 261