第二章 语法规则( UsageMechanics)
第一讲 句子结构
一、方法论
在 ACT—English 中,句子结构题的答题思路,即分析句子的主语和谓语,是正确解题的关键。本讲将对常考的错误句子结构进行剖析讲解,以提高学生对考题形式的敏感度,同时给出相应的正确用法,化繁为简,由浅入深。ACT—English 中错误句子结构有:缺谓语、缺主语、多连词、缺连词。以下进行分类讲解。
1. 缺谓语
难点:谓语动词和非谓语动词的区分
谓语用以说明主语的动作、状态或者特征,一般是跟在主语后面的动词。常见的谓语动词的形式为:
1 be doingbe donedodoesdidhave donehas donehad donewill dowould do
2 amisarewaswere
非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外其他句子成分的动词形式。非谓语动词包括 to do,doing, done
非谓语动词作用有:作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语。
例如:
Reading books helps me a lot. (作主语)
He enjoys singing(作宾语) .
The man sitting there looks unhappy. (作定语)
To complete the work on time, he worked very hard. (作状语)
Her dream is to be a translator(作表语) .
解题时,应注意区分谓语动词与非谓语动词的形式,凡主语后使用非谓语动词形式均为缺谓语错误。
例题 1
This rise in marijuana use caused in part because most teenagers do not believe that smoking marijuana is harmful to their health.
A. NO CHANGE B. is caused
C. Causing D. that caused
答案: B
解题思路:主语: This rise;谓语:无, caused 为过去分词形式,不能作谓语,应该使用 is caused,故此题选 B。
题目译文:导致大麻使用量上升部分原因是大部分青少年认为吸食大麻不会危害他们的健康。
例题 2
Then the researchers who randomly rearranged all the words in the texts.
F. NO CHANGE H. randomly rearranged
J. randomly to rearrange
答案: H
解题思路:主语: the researchers; who 引导定语从句修饰主语,使句子缺谓语,把who 去掉;句子谓语: rearranged,故此题选 H。
题目译文:之后,研究人员随机重新排列文本中的所有词。
2. 缺主语
难点:确定主语
主语是一句话中的主体,通常是名词、名词短语、代词或者句子,置于谓语动词前面。如下例子中画线部分为各个句子的主语。
Life is colorful.
My friends and family mean a lot to me.
He will help me whenever I need him.
缺少主语的句式通常是指以介词短语(例如 by doing)充当主语的错误句式,或无主句的错误句式。
例题
When they took notes longhand than when they took them using the laptop, doing much better on the
conceptual questions.
A. NO CHANGE B. they did
C. having done D. being that they did
答案: B
解题思路:When 引导从句,从句主语: they;从句谓语: took; than 引导比较句,从句主语they;从句谓语: took;主句 doing…questions 短语,缺少主语和谓语,主句应该有主语和谓语,故 B
题目译文:在概念性问题上,手写记笔记的学生得分要远远超过用笔记本电脑记笔记的学生。
3. 多连词
难点:连词的识别
正确的英语句式规则要求两个句子之间只使用一个连词,但是 ACT—English 考题的错误选项中,常常设置并列连词 and, but, or, so 和从属连词 when, while, as, because, before, after, if, although,though, unless 等同时使用,造成多连词错误。故答题时清楚连词个数至关重要,尤其不要忽略句首的连词。
例题
Even when people were given these instructions, and they still had a greater tendency to type what they heard than people who were taking notes longhand.
F. NO CHANGE G. instructions and they
H. instructions that J. instructions, they
答案: J
解题思路:Even when 引导从句,从句主语: people;从句谓语: were given; and 连词连接另一句子,主句主语: they;主语谓语: had; and 连词多余,所以将 and 去掉即可,故此题选 J。
题目译文:即使给出他们这些建议,习惯用电脑记笔记的人比习惯用手写记笔记的人更倾向于打出他们听到的内容。
补充:独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的结构。名词或代词前有时可使用with 表示伴随,此结构只是一个修饰成分,不是一个完整句,故独立主格结构和一个完整句子之间不需要加连词。
例如: Many friends to attend my birthday party, I feel excited.
解析: Many…party 短语是独立主格,句子主语: I;谓语: feel。独立主格和句子之间不需要加连词。
例题
There are up to a million miners in Sierra Leone, and only a thousand of them having licenses.
A. NO CHANGE B. Leone and only
C. Leone, only D. Leone.
答案: C
解题思路:主语: up to a million miners;谓语: are; and 连词后面连接独立主格结构,所以此处 and 多余,故此题选 C。
题目译文:在塞拉利昂有多达100万名矿工,但是他们之中只有1 000人有工作许可证。