PartⅠ Academic Reading Unit 1 Electric Circuits2 1.1 Circuit Elements2 1.2 Basic Laws4 1.2.1 Ohm’s Law4 1.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws6 1.3 Circuit Analysis8 1.3.1 Nodal Analysis8 1.3.2 Mesh Analysis10 Exercises12 Unit 2 Embedded Systems15 2.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems15 2.1.1 Early Forms of Embedded Systems15 2.1.2 Birth and Evolution of Modern Embedded Systems16 2.1.3 Contemporary Embedded Systems18 2.2 Structure of an Embedded System21 2.2.1 Hardware Components22 2.2.2 Software Components23 2.3 Microprocessors Versus Microcontrollers26 2.3.1 Microprocessor Units26 2.3.2 Microcontroller Units27 2.3.3 RISC Versus CISC and RISC Architectures28 2.3.4 Programmer and Hardware Models28 Exercises30 Unit 3 Integrated Circuits33 3.1 Introduction33 3.2 PN Junction and Diode38 3.3 Transistor43 3.3.1 BJT43 3.3.2 FET44 3.4 FPGA48 3.4.1 FPGA Versus Microcontroller48 3.4.2 What Is a Programmable Gate Array 48 3.4.3 How Do You Program an FPGA 49 Exercises53 Unit 4 Signals and Systems55 4.1 Introduction to Signals55 4.2 Frequency Response of LTI Systems59 4.3 Sampling Theorem63 Exercises67 Unit 5 Digital Signal Processing70 5.1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing70 5.2 Structures for Discrete-Time Systems73 5.3 Filter Design Techniques77 Exercises81 Unit 6 Digital Image Processing84 6.1 Components of an Image Processing System84 6.2 Examples of Fields That Use Digital Image Processing87 6.3 Introduction to Pattern Recognition91 Exercises94 Unit 7 Principles of Communications97 7.1 Electrical Communication Systems97 7.2 Modulation and Multiplexing101 7.2.1 Baseband Transmission101 7.2.2 Broadband Transmission102 7.2.3 Multiplexing104 7.3 Digital Communication Techniques106 7.3.1 Data Conversion106 7.3.2 Elements of a Digital Communication System109 Exercises112 Unit 8 Mobile Communication115 8.1 From 1G to 5G115 8.1.1 A Brief History of Wireless Technologies115 8.1.2 1G — First Generation Mobile Communication System115 8.1.3 2G — Second Generation Mobile Communication System116 8.1.4 3G — Third Generation Mobile Communication System117 8.1.5 4G — Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System118 8.1.6 5G — Fifth Generation Mobile Communication System118 8.1.7 Summary119 8.2 Mobile Networks120 8.2.1 Main Components121 8.2.2 Radio Access Network122 8.2.3 Mobile Core123 Exercises127 Unit 9 Optical Communication129 9.1 Optical Communication Systems129 9.1.1 Light Wave Communication in Free Space129 9.1.2 Fiber-Optic Communication System131 9.1.3 Applications of Fiber Optics132 9.2 Passive Optical Networks134 9.2.1 The PON Concept134 9.2.2 PON Technologies135 Exercises138 Unit 10 Telecommunication Networks141 10.1 A Telephone Network141 10.1.1 Basic Telephony141 10.1.2 Telephone System143 10.2 Internet Telephony148 10.2.1 VoIP Fundamentals148 10.2.2 Internet Phone Systems150 Exercises152 Unit 11 Electromagnetics156 11.1 Introduction of Electromagnetics156 11.1.1 Importance of Electromagnetics156 11.1.2 A Brief History of Electromagnetics157 11.1.3 Applications of Electromagnetism159 11.2 Engineering Electromagnetics and Waves164 11.2.1 Lumped Versus Distributed Electrical Circuits164 11.2.2 Electromagnetic Components166 11.2.3 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves167 Exercises171 Unit 12 Microwave Communication174 12.1 Microwave Concepts174 12.1.1 Microwave Frequencies and Bands174 12.1.2 Benefits of Microwaves175 12.1.3 Disadvantages of Microwaves176 12.2 Microwave Communication Systems179 12.2.1 Transmitters179 12.2.2 Receivers181 12.2.3 Transmission Lines183 12.2.4 Antennas184 Exercises185 Unit 13 Basics of Computer Science188 13.1 What Is a Computer 188 13.1.1 Computer Hardware189 13.1.2 Computer Software191 13.1.3 Categories of Computers193 13.2 Computer Networks197 13.2.1 Network Hardware197 13.2.2 Network Software202 13.2.3 Internet Security205 Exercises212 Unit 14 New Technology Trends215 14.1 Promising Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence215 14.1.1 AI for Augmentation215 14.1.2 AI Agents on Their Own218 14.2 Ten Predictions on the Future of Machine Learning221 14.3 Big Data226 14.3.1 Definitions of Big Data226 14.3.2 Big Data Management Architecture229 14.3.3 Performance Matters231 14.3.4 Traditional and Advanced Analytics233 14.4 Quantum Internet236 14.4.1 Introduction236 14.4.2 Preliminaries237 14.4.3 Quantum Internet Functionalities241 14.4.4 Possible Applications244 14.4.5 Future Directions246 Exercises251 PartⅡ Practical Guidance Unit 15 Learning Skills255 Exercises259 Unit 16 Research Skills261 Exercises264 Unit 17 Careers in ECE265 Exercises271 Unit 18 Communication Skills272 Exercises275 References277