Introduction /1
Ⅰ. About History /1
Ⅱ. The Relationship between Medicine and Religion in Ancient China /2
Ⅲ. Main Principles of TCM /5
Ⅳ. Minimal Comparisons between TCM and WM /9
Chapter 1
Myths and Legends about Medicine， and Primitive Medicine /12
Section 1 Myths and Legends about Medicine /13
Ⅰ. Pangu (盘古) /13
Ⅱ. Fuxi (伏羲) /14
Ⅲ. Shennong (神农) /14
Ⅳ. Huangdi (黄帝) /15
Section 2 Primitive Medicine /16
Ⅰ. The Primitive Diseases of Human Beings /16
Ⅱ. The Original Hygiene and Health Care /17
Ⅲ. The Origin of Primitive Medicine /19
Ⅳ. Theories of the Origin of Medicine /21
Chapter 2
Medicine in the Xia Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period
(2070 BC–476 BC) /24
Section 1 Medical Information in Oracles /24
Ⅰ. Knowledge about Human Body /25
Table of Contents
Ⅱ. Knowledge about Diseases /25
Ⅲ. Treatment Introduction /1
Ⅰ. About History /1
Ⅱ. The Relationship between Medicine and Religion in Ancient China /2
Ⅲ. Main Principles of TCM /5
Ⅳ. Minimal Comparisons between TCM and WM /9
Chapter 1
Myths and Legends about Medicine， and Primitive Medicine /12
Section 1 Myths and Legends about Medicine /13
Ⅰ. Pangu (盘古) /13
Ⅱ. Fuxi (伏羲) /14
Ⅲ. Shennong (神农) /14
Ⅳ. Huangdi (黄帝) /15
Section 2 Primitive Medicine /16
Ⅰ. The Primitive Diseases of Human Beings /16
Ⅱ. The Original Hygiene and Health Care /17
Ⅲ. The Origin of Primitive Medicine /19
Ⅳ. Theories of the Origin of Medicine /21
Chapter 2
Medicine in the Xia Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period
(2070 BC–476 BC) /24
Section 1 Medical Information in Oracles /24
Ⅰ. Knowledge about Human Body /25
Table of Contents
8
Ⅱ. Knowledge about Diseases /25
Ⅲ. Treatment /26
Ⅳ. Health Care Customs /26
Section 2 Medical Information in Ancient Books /26
Ⅰ. The Classic of Poetry (Shī J īng 诗经) /26
Ⅱ. The Classic of Mountains and Seas/Rivers (Shān Hǎi J īng 山海经) /27
Ⅲ. The Book of Rites (Lǐ J ì 礼记) /28
Ⅳ. The Rites of the Zhou Dynasty (Zhōu Lǐ 周礼) /28
Section 3 The Embryo of Etiology /30
Ⅰ. Climate /31
Ⅱ. Emotion and Mood /31
Ⅲ. Environment /31
Ⅳ. Diet /31
Section 4 Wine and Decoction /32
Ⅰ. Wine /32
Ⅱ. Yi Yin (伊尹) and Decoction /32
Section 5 Famous Doctors /33
Ⅰ. Yi Huan (医缓) /33
Ⅱ. Yi He (医和) /33
Chapter 3
Medicine in the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty
(475 BC–220 AD) /36
Section 1 Medical Silk Manuscripts and Bamboo Slips /36
Ⅰ. Yunmeng Bamboo Slips (Yún Mèng Qín Jiǎn 云梦秦简) of the Qin Dynasty /36
Ⅱ. Medical Books from the Han Tombs at Mawangdui /37
Ⅲ. Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty at Zhangjiashan (Zhāng Jiā Shān Hàn Jiǎn 张家山汉
简) /40
Ⅳ. Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty at Wuwei (Wǔ Wēi Hàn Jiǎn 武威汉简) /40
Ⅴ. Medical Books from the Han Tombs at Laoguanshan /41
Section 2 The Establishment of TCM Theories /43
Ⅰ. The Orthodox Medical Classic of Huangdi (Huáng Dì Nèi J īng 黄帝内经) /43
9
Ⅱ. The Classic of the Eighty-one Dif f icult Issues from Huangdi Nei Jing (Huáng Dì Bā Shí
Y ī Nàn J īng 黄帝八十一难经) /45
Ⅲ. Shennong’s Canon of Materia Medica (Shén Nóng Běn Cǎo J īng 神农本草经) /45
Ⅳ. Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases (Shāng Hán Zá Bìng Lùn 伤寒
杂病论) /46
Section 3 Health Preservation /47
Section 4 Famous Doctors /48
Ⅰ. Bian Que (扁鹊) /48
Ⅱ. Chunyu Yi (淳于意) /50
Ⅲ. Hua Tuo (华佗) /50
Section 5 International Medical Communication /50
Chapter 4
Medicine in the Period of Wei Jin to the Southern and Northern Dynasties
(220–581 AD) /53
Section 1 The Development of TCM Theories /53
Ⅰ. Wang Shuhe (王叔和) and The Classic of Sphygmology (Mài J īng 脉经) /53
Ⅱ. The Classic of Hua Tuo’s Achievements in Medicine (Zhōng Zàng J īng 中藏经) /54
Section 2 Acupuncture and Moxibustion /55
Huangfu Mi (皇甫谧) and The Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Zhēn Jiǔ Jiǎ Yǐ
J īng 针灸甲乙经) /55
Section 3 Achievements in Prescriptions of TCM /56
Ⅰ. Ge Hong (葛洪) and Hand Book of Prescriptions for Emergencies (Zhǒu Hòu Jiù Zú
Fāng 肘后救卒方) /56
Ⅱ. Liu Juanzi (刘涓子) and The Prescriptions from the Immortal (Liú Juān Zǐ Guǐ Yí Fāng
刘涓子鬼遗方) /56
Ⅲ. Chen Yanzhi (陈延之) and A Book of Prescriptions (Xiǎo Pǐn Fāng 小品方) /57
Section 4 Achievements in Materia Medica /57
Ⅰ. Wu Pu (吴普) and The Materia Medica of Wu Pu (Wú Pǔ Běn Cǎo 吴普本草) /57
Ⅱ. Tao Hongjing (陶弘景) and The Annotation on the Classic of Materia Medica (Běn Cǎo
J īng Jí Zhù 本草经集注) /58
Ⅲ. Lei Xiao (雷敩) and Lei’s Treatise on the Processing of Materia Medica (Léi Gōng Páo
Zhì Lùn 雷公炮炙论) /58
10
Section 5 Health Preservation /59
Ⅰ. Alchemy and Fú Shí 服石 /59
Ⅱ. Masters of Health Preservation /60
Section 6 International Medical Communication /61
Ⅰ. Communication between China and Korea /61
Ⅱ. Communication between China and Japan /61
Ⅲ. Communication between China and India /61
Chapter 5
Medicine in the Sui， Tang and the Five Dynasties (581–960 AD) /63
Section 1 Medical Systems and Education /64
Ⅰ. Medical Bureaus in the Sui Dynasty /64
Ⅱ. Medical Bureaus in the Tang Dynasty /64
Ⅲ. Medical Education /65
Section 2 The Work of Annotating Huáng Dì Nèi J īng 黄帝内经 /65
Ⅰ. Notes on Huangdi Nei Jing with New Sortation (Huáng Dì Nèi J īng Tài Sù 黄帝内经太
素) /65
Ⅱ. The Second Annotation on Su Wen from Huangdi Nei Jing (Cì Zhù Huáng Dì Nèi J īng Sù
Wèn 次注黄帝内经素问) /66
Section 3 Comprehensive Medical Books /67
Ⅰ. The Golden Prescriptions for Emergency (Bèi Jí Qiān J īn Yào Fāng 备急千金要方) and
The Supplementary to Qian Jin Yao Fang (Qiān J īn Yì Fāng 千金翼方) /67
Ⅱ. The Secret of Waitai (Wài Tái Mì Yào 外台秘要) /68
Ⅲ. The Canon of Tibetan Medicine (Sì Bù Y ī Diǎn 四部医典) /68
Section 4 Achievements in Materia Medica /68
Ⅰ. The Newly-Revised Book of Materia Medica (X īn Xiū Běn Cǎo 新修本草) /68
Ⅱ. The Supplementary to Shennong Ben Cao Jing (Běn Cǎo Shí Yí 本草拾遗) /69
Ⅲ. The Materia Medica for Food Therapy (Shí Liáo Běn Cǎo 食疗本草) /70
Ⅳ. The Foreign Materia Medica (Hǎi Yào Běn Cǎo 海药本草) /70
Section 5 Achievements in Etiological Syndrome and Clinical Medicine /70
Ⅰ. Etiological Syndrome /70
Ⅱ. Internal Medicine /71
Ⅲ. Surgery /71
11
Ⅳ. Traumatology /72
Ⅴ. Obstetrics and Gynecology /72
Ⅵ. Pediatrics /73
Ⅶ. The Five Sense Organs /74
Ⅷ. Acupuncture and Moxibustion /74
Ⅸ. Massage /75
Section 6 Health Preservation /76
Ⅰ. Diet /76
Ⅱ. Sport /77
Ⅲ. Emotion and Mood /78
Section 7 International Medical Communication /78
Ⅰ. Communication between China and Korea /78
Ⅱ. Communication between China and Japan /79
Ⅲ. Communication between China and India /79
Ⅳ. Communication between China and Islamic Countries/Areas /79
Chapter 6
Medicine in the Song， Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960–1368 AD) /83
Section 1 Governmental Steps about Medical Development /83
Ⅰ. Medical Administration and Management System /83
Ⅱ. Medical Education /84
Ⅲ. Editing and Publishing Medical Books /85
IV. National Pharmacy /86
Section 2 Individual Medical Books /87
Ⅰ. Pharmacology /87
Ⅱ. Prescriptions of TCM /89
Section 3 Collating and Noting the Medical Classics /91
Ⅰ. Collating and Noting Nèi J īng 内经 and Nàn J īng 难经 /91
Ⅱ. Collating and Noting Shāng Hán Lùn 伤寒论 /92
Section 4 Development of TCM Theories and Achievements in Clinical Medicine /96
Ⅰ. Anatomy /96
Ⅱ. Diagnostics /97
Ⅲ. Etiology and Pathogenesis /98
12
Ⅳ. Internal Medicine /99
Ⅴ. Surgery /99
Ⅵ. Traumatology /99
Ⅶ. Gynecology /100
Ⅷ. Pediatrics /101
Ⅸ. The Five Sense Organs /101
Ⅹ. Acupuncture and Moxibustion /102
Ⅺ. Massage /102
Ⅻ. Forensic Medicine /102
Section 5 Innovations of Doctors in the Jin and Yuan Period /102
Ⅰ. Liu Wansu (刘完素) and Huǒ Rè Lùn 火热论 (the Theory of Fire Heat) /103
Ⅱ. Zhang Yuansu (张元素) and Zàng Fǔ Biàn Zhèng Lùn 脏腑辨证论 (the Theory of the
Syndrome Differentiation of Viscera) /103
Ⅲ. Zhang Congzheng (张从正) and Gōng Xié Lùn 攻邪论 (the Theory of Attacking
Pathogen) /103
Ⅳ. Li Gao (李杲) and Pí Wèi Lùn 脾胃论 (the Theory of Spleen and Stomach) /104
Ⅴ. Wang Haogu (王好古) and Y īn Zhèng Lùn 阴证论 (the Theory of Yin-syndrome) /104
Ⅵ. Zhu Zhenheng (朱震亨) and Xiàng Huǒ Lùn 相火论 (the Theory of the Auxiliary
Fire) /105
Section 6 Health Preservation /105
Section 7 International Medical Communication /106
Ⅰ. Communication between China and Korea /106
Ⅱ. Communication between China and Japan /107
Ⅲ. Communication between China and Countries/Areas in Southeast Asia /107
Ⅳ. Communication between China and Islamic Countries/Areas /108
Chapter 7
Medicine in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) /110
Section 1 Medical System and Education /111
Ⅰ. Medical System /111
Ⅱ. Medical Education /111
Section 2 Researches on the Medical Classics /111
Ⅰ. Researches on Nèi J īng 内经 /111
13
Ⅱ. Researches on Nàn J īng 难经 /112
Ⅲ. Researches on Shāng Hán Lùn 伤寒论 /112
內容試閱：
This textbook is compiled on the basis of previous achievements， especially K. chiminWong ( 王吉民) & Wu Lien-teh ( 伍连德)’s History of Chinese Medicine (1936). Here， we’dlike to appreciate the predecessors for their outstanding contributions to the written history ofChinese medicine. All of the pictures in this book are from the collection of Shanghai Museum ofTraditional Chinese Medicine.
This textbook is designed primarily for international students， and then Chineseundergraduates. Except the Chinese names and long originals， when other Chinese charactersappear， there will be Pinyin with tones， which makes it easy for readers to pronounce. Comparedwith the published Chinese ones， “Introduction” ， “Question” and “Further Reading” have beenadded in this book according to the suggestions of the experienced teachers.
There are 4 parts in “Introduction” :
1) About History. This part helps students understand the particularity of Chinese historyand learn how to explore the huge amount of information in it. Students are expected to learn thebasic historical thought， so as to obtain a better experience of learning “Chinese medical history”.
2) The Relationship between Medicine and Religion in Ancient China. Religion plays a veryimportant role in many countries and regions. This part helps students know the main religions inancient China and their relationships with medicine.
3) Main Principles of TCM. International students majoring in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) may not fully grasp the main principles of it when they study this course at an earlierstage. And non-medical students may have little knowledge of TCM when taking this course.Therefore， the introduction with the most necessary and basic principles of TCM will help themstart the course in an easier way.
4) Minimal Comparisons between TCM and WM. The most concise expression is usedto describe TCM and Western medicine (WM). Students may get a quick understanding of thecomparisons between TCM and WM.
The text begins with myths and legends which can arouse readers’ interest. They arereflections of people’s cognition and thinking style at that time. Readers can get a glimpse of thattime and collect a lot of medical information from these myths and legends. According to Chinesehistorical tradition， the end period of this content is the Republic of China， which is previous tothe People’s Republic of China.
The two parts— “Questions” and “Further Reading” are designed to train students’ abilitiesof independent thinking. There are no specif ic answers to the questions. Some further readingsseem nothing related to medicine， however， they are inextricably related to medicine in politics，economy and even literature from the historical perspective. The “Further Reading” will helpstudents understand more aspects of ancient China， and train their logical thinking mode ofhistoriography.
There are 2 appendices:
1) A Brief History of Chinese Main Dynasties. This will help students quickly learn thetimeline and characteristics of Chinese dynasties.
2) Chronicle of Events. This part includes many books， which can be used as a book list.In addition to the structural innovation， there are also some new details in the textbook.Usually， the ancient Chinese had not only one name， but also a style name (in Chinese: zì 字).Some ones even had more other kinds of names. When a person is mentioned， both his nameand style name (if there was a def inite one) are recorded. And if his other name is very famous，it is also recorded in the book. The book name is written in English， Pinyin and Chinese whenappearing in the f irst time， and when in reappearance the name is written in only Pinyin andChinese. The other names or abbreviation of a book are marked with Pinyin and Chinese for thef irst time. This is a good way to learn Chinese， which may help students remember the Chinesenames of these books.
Due to the limited capacity of the editorial board， this book is far from perfection and mayhave some mistakes. We hope readers can give opinions and suggestions for the future revisionand improvement of it. Thanks.
Compiling and Translating Committee
January 2022
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