CONTENTSIntroduction ....................................................................................................... 004Chapter I Realizing National Independence and People’s LiberationThe National Crisis in Modern China and the Rise of Revolutionary Movements...... 014The Spread of Marxism and Leninism and the Founding of the CommunistParty of China..................................................................................................... 018National Revolution against the Western Powers and Chinese Warlords........... 022Opening a Revolutionary Road: Armed Struggles and Enclosing Citieswith Rural Areas................................................................................................. 026Organizing the Broad Masses to Fight the Japanese Invaders............................ 029Founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC)........................................... 035Chapter II Establishing the Socialist System， Beginning Large-scaleConstructionConsolidating the New Government and Restoring the National Economy...... 042Carrying out Land Reform and Social Reform................................................... 045Beginning to Turn a Backward Agricultural Country into a FairlyAdvanced Industrial One.................................................................................... 048Establishing the Socialist Political System......................................................... 052Persuing Independent， Self-determined Foreign Policies of Peace.................... 058Seeking a Road of Chinese Socialist Construction and Initial Success ofEconomic Work................................................................................................... 063Chapter III Onto the Road of the Construction of Socialism with ChineseCharacteristicsTurning Point in the History of the Party and the PRC...................................... 070Reform and Opening-up， and the Establishment of Socialist Market Economy.......074Political Structure Reform and Establishment of Democracy and Rule of Law.......089Beginning of a New Diplomatic Situation.......................................................... 103Building Modernized National Defense............................................................. 108Promoting the State Reunification Process......................................................... 113Building an All-round Well-off and Harmonious Socialist Society.................... 120Chapter IV Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Has Crossed theThreshold into the New EraPutting Forward Goals and Making Strategic Deployments for the New Era.... 138Promoting Quality Economic Development and ComprehensivelyDeepening Reform and Opening-up................................................................... 143Adhering to the Path of Political Progress with Chinese Characteristics........... 153Promoting the Prosperity of Socialist Culture.................................................... 158Adhering to the People’s Supremacy， Ensuring and Improving LivingStandards through Development......................................................................... 162Implementing the Most Stringent System of Protecting the EcologicalEnvironment and Building a Beautiful China..................................................... 173Comprehensively Building World-class Forces and SafeguardingChina’s Sovereignty， Security， and Development Interests................................ 178New Progress in the Work Related to Hong Kong， Macao， and Taiwan............ 185Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind and PromotingCooperation under the BRI................................................................................. 193Strengthening the CPC’s Overall Leadership and Self-governance................... 206Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 215
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IntroductionAs one of the world’s oldest birthplaces of human civilizations， China experienced a long history of development. The diligent and intelligent Chinese people worked hard and lived heartedly， creating the brilliant Chinese civilization and making indelible contributions to the advancement of humanity. Unfortunately， after the First Opium War (1840-1842)， the foreign invasion plunged China into darkness: the country became semicolonial and semi-feudal， and was faced with endless domestic and foreign threats that ripped the country apart， and the Chinese people who suffered from frequent wars lived in dire poverty. Since then， realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has become the greatest dream of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. To make this dream come true， the Chinese people waged a long struggle to resist the foreign powers’ oppression and the feudal autocratic government’s decadent rule. During the early years of the struggle， progressive Chinese people exerted unremitting efforts to awaken the masses， and lots of Chinese people fought arduously and never gave in. Nevertheless， China remained semi-colonial and semi-feudal.Back then， domestic upheavals and foreign aggression led to unprecedented social crises， and the Chinese labor movement began to embrace Marxism-Leninism. Under such circumstances， the Chinese people and the Chinese nation were undergoing a great awakening. In 1921， the Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded. This epoch-making event profoundly changed the development direction and destiny of the Chinese people， the Chinese nation， and the international landscape.From the very beginning of its establishment， the CPC took the realization of Communism as its ultimate vision and ultimate goal， and shouldered the responsibility of leading the Chinese people’s struggle to oppose imperialism and feudalism and realize socialism. During the 100 years after its establishment， the CPC remained true to its founding mission—seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation—and united and led the Chinese people in a drive to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Under the leadership of the CPC， the Chinese people united and fought bloody battles to achieve the great victory of the New Democratic Revolution (1921-1949). During the New Democratic Revolution period， the CPC implemented its correct revolutionary program by fighting at the forefront of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle and leading a vigorous labor movement; it defeated the feudal warlords supported by imperialism by cooperating with the Kuomintang (KMT); it continued to fight against imperialism and feudalism when Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) and Wang Ching-wei (1883-1944) betrayed the Chinese revolution and waged a bloody massacre of Chinese Communists and progressive individuals; it built up armed forces of the Chinese people and established revolutionary bases; it carried out the Agrarian Revolution (1927-1937) and opened up the path of using rural areas to encircle the cities and seizing State power with military force; it initiated the campaign to bring all forces together to fight against Japanese aggressors when imperialist Japan invaded China and the Chinese nation was faced with a crisis of life and death， and cooperated with the KMT again in building up a united stand against the aggressors; it led the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army， helping them to become pivotal forces of China’s counter-Japanese troops; it guided and helped the Chinese people to finally win a complete victory against foreign aggressors， which was an unprecedented victory after 1840; it strived for peace and democracy， hoping to establish the People’s Republic of China (PRC) after the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1931-1945， also known as China’s counter-Japanese war)， but was forced into a civil war launched by Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters， who wanted to continued their dictatorship in China; and in the end， it won the civil war， later known as the War of Liberation (1946-1949)， and overthrew the reactionary rule of imperialism， feudalism， and bureaucratic capitalism in China. The successful conclusion of the New Democratic Revolution， marked by the establishment of the PRC， put an end to China’s semi-colonial and semi feudal status. It also ended the state of total disunity that existed for a long time in old China and abolished all the unequal treaties imposed on China by foreign powers and all the privileges that imperialist powers enjoyed in China. The victory of the New Democratic Revolution helped China achieve a great leap: thousands of years of feudal autocracy were ended and replaced by the people’s democracy. This leap created fundamental social conditions for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.During the socialist reform and construction period， the CPC united and led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in the drive for progress. The achievements made during this period of time are as follows: the economic and social trauma caused by frequent wars and the corrupt rule of the KMT were recovered; the arduous task of social transformation was completed; the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-1953) was carried out; economic construction was started in a well-planned manner; the national economy that had been seriously damaged was gradually restored; the 1st Five-Year Plan on the national economy was formulated and implemented in 1953， when the Party’s and the State’s general policy for the orderly transition between the New Democratic Revolution period and the socialist construction period was put forward; socialist systems were established across the country after the transition from the New Democratic Revolution period to the socialist construction period. In 1956， the campaign to comprehensively develop socialism in China got off to a good start: the most extensive and profound social reform in the history of the Chinese nation was completed， not affected by the subversion and sabotage activities conducted by imperialist and hegemonic powers; and an independent industrial system and national economic system was built up， turning a destitute， populous country into a major socialist country. This constituted a fundamental political premise and institutional foundation for all development and progress in contemporary China and laid a solid foundation for the country’s development and prosperity and the people’s prosperous lives.At the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee， held in December 1978， the CPC Central Committee made a decision to shift the Party and the State’s focus to the realization of modernization and the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy， initiating a new great process featuring reform and opening-up. This Session was hailed as a turning point of far-reaching significance in the Party’s history after the founding of the PRC. After the Session， the Party’s basic guideline for the primary stage of socialism was established， and the policy of reform and openingup was implemented. Socialism with Chinese characteristics was proposed， upheld， and developed， and many risks and challenges from all sectors were overcome during this period of time. As a result， the PRC achieved a historic transformation: its highly centralized planned economic system was replaced by a dynamic socialist market economic system; it stopped closing itself from the world and started an all-round opening; it improved its relatively backward productive forces and became the second-largest economy in the world; it raised the living standards of its people from bare subsistence to an overall level of moderate prosperity， and will continue to raise them to moderate prosperity in all respects. These achievements fueled the push toward national rejuvenation by providing institutional guarantees imbued with new energy as well as the material conditions for rapid development.Since the 18th CPC National Congress， held in November 2012， socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the new era......
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