Chapter 1Introduction1
1.1Impetus for the Study3
1.1.1Why Study Interpreters’ Role and Role Deviation in
Conference Interpreting?5
1.1.2Why Take Hedges as the Intervening Point to Explore
Interpreters’ Role?8
1.1.3Why Select Press Conferences Held by the Chinese Government
as Our Data Source?12
1.2Research Significance14
1.3Research Purposes18
1.4Research Questions19
1.5Research Methodology21
1.6Layout of This Book24
Chapter 2Literature Review27
2.1Overview of Interpreters’ Role in Interpreting Studies28
2.1.1Theoretical Review of Interpreters’ Role29
2.1.2Empirical Review of Interpreters’ Role33
2.1.3Studies on Role Deviation of Conference Interpreters39
2.2Overview on Hedges in Previous Researches41
2.2.1Hedges in Linguistic Studies41
2.2.2Hedges in Translation Studies43
2.2.3Hedges in Interpreting Studies45
2.3Studies on Interpreters’ Role through Corpus47
Chapter 3Interpreters’ Role and Role Deviation as
Perceived through the Use of Hedges50
3.1Interpreters’ Roles and Role Deviation51
3.1.1Role and Interpreters’ Role51
3.1.2Role Deviation: Role Expectation VS. Role Behavior57
3.1.3Role Deviation in Interpreting59
3.2Role Deviation as Perceived through the Use of Hedges61
3.2.1Rationale for Role Deviation as Perceived through
the Use of Hedges62
3.2.2Hedges as the Intervening Point to Investigate Role Deviation
as Perceived73
3.3Analytical Framework74
Chapter 4Building CECIC for the Study78
4.1Corpus as a Tool to Probe into Interpreters’ Role
Deviation79
4.2From Press Conferences of Chinese Government to
CECIC81
4.3Corpus Information83
4.3.1CECIC Design and Structure83
4.3.2Access to the Interpreting Recordings84
4.3.3Basic Introduction of CECIC87
4.4Transcription， Segmentation， Annotation， Parallel
Alignment and Python Coding Statistics87
Chapter 5Corpus-based Quantitative Analysis on
Hedges and Shifting92
5.1A Vertical Distribution of Hedges in CI Corpus94
5.1.1The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution in
Chinese in CI97
5.1.2The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution
in English in CI98
5.1.3The High Frequency Hedges Distribution in the Total101
5.1.4Significant Differences104
5.1.5Discussion106
5.2A Horizontal Description of Hedges Processing109
5.2.1The Additions of Hedges by Interpreters110
5.2.2The Abridgements of Hedges by Interpreters113
5.2.3The Substitutions of Hedges by Interpreters116
5.2.4The Equivalences of Hedges by Interpreters in CI118
5.2.5Discussion121
Chapter 6Qualitative Analysis on Role Deviation
in Hedges Shifting126
6.1Role Deviation in Hedges Shifting127
6.1.1Role Behavior of Interpreters through Hedges in CECIC128
6.1.2Role Expectations in Ethical Codes for Interpreters in CI140
6.1.3Role Deviation with Role Expectations as a Frame of
Reference141
6.2Roles Performed by Interpreters in Role Deviation
through Functions of Hedges143
6.2.1Interpreters as Keepers of Semantic Information through
Adapters and Rounders144
6.2.2Interpreters as Regulators of Pragmatic Tone through
Plausibility Shields147
6.2.3Interpreters as Distributors of Discourse Responsibility
through Attribution Shields149
6.2.4Interpreters as Controllers of Cognitive Resources through
Adaptors153
6.3Summary156
Chapter 7Conclusion159
7.1Major Findings160
7.1.1Hedges Distribution and Statistical Significance Results160
7.1.2Role Deviation via Hedges Shifting and Shifting
Regularities162
7.1.3Actual Roles in Role Deviation of Conference Interpreters163
7.2Contributions of This Study165
7.3Limitations and Future Directions167
References172
Appendix 1AIIC Code of Professional Ethics183
Appendix 2AUSIT Code of Ethics for Interpreters &
Translators186
Appendix 3AVLIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for
Professional Conduct190
Appendix 4NRPSI Code of Conduct for Public Service
Interpreters192
Appendix 5ATA Code of Professional Conduct and
Business Practices194List of Figures
Figure 1.1Conceptual Relations from Role to Hedges9
Figure 1.2The Linkage between Research Purposes， Research Questions
and Research Methods20
Figure 3.1The Conceptualization of Role Deviation58
Figure 3.2Prince， Frader and Bosk’s Taxonomy of Hedges66
Figure 3.3Theoretical and Analytical Framework for Role Deviation as
Perceived through the Use of Hedges67
Figure 3.4Horizontal and Vertical Data Analysis in CECIC76
Figure 4.1The Corpus Structure of CECIC84
Figure 4.2The Homepage of Tmxmall in Corpus Textual Alignment90
Figure 5.1Importing Transcribed Texts into Jupyter Notebook95
Figure 5.2Two Target Files Generated in Jupyter Notebook95
Figure 5.3Reading Target Files for Hedges Identification and
Categorization96
Figure 5.4Hedges Normalized Frequency in Chinese Corpus VS.
Hedges Normalized Frequency in English Corpus100
Figure 5.5Significant Differences Analysis and Its Implications109
List of Tables
Table 4.1Basic Introduction of CECIC85
Table 5.1Basic Information of CECIC96
Table 5.2The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution
in Chinese97
Table 5.3The Total and Sub-categories of Hedges Distribution
in English99
Table 5.4 High Frequency Hedges in Chinese Corpus103
Table 5.5High Frequency Hedges in English Corpus104
Table 5.6Paired Sample Statistics105
Table 5.7Paired Sample Correlation Coefficient105
Table 5.8Paired Sample T Test105
Table 5. 9Hedges Additions from Chinese to English in CECIC112
Table 5.10Hedges Abridgements from Chinese to English in CECIC115
Table 5.11Hedges Substitutions from Chinese to English in CECIC118
Table 5.12Hedges Equivalences from Chinese to English in CECIC120
Table 5.13Data on Hedges Additions， Abridgements， Substitutions and
Equivalences121
Table 7.1Data on Hedges Shifting and Shifting Regularities （C-E）162
內容試閱：
PrefaceThe idea of this book was inspired by my leader Liu Jin who has always encouraged me to publish my dissertation after the doctoral graduation. Her support directly made this book possible. Since I was admitted by College of Foreign Languages and Cultures of Xiamen University in 2014， I fell into studies on interpreters’ role and continuously persisted in this topic in my dissertation. After embarking on studies of interpreters’ role， I was perplexed and plagued by three obstacles: research method， theoretical and analytical framework， and conceptual acceptance. In the past several years， the overwhelming majority of studies on interpreters’ role are case-based discourse analysis， and the combination of corpus and Python will be a new and intriguing methodological attempt. Besides， interpreters’ role are frequently viewed from some unsystematic lens such as Goffman’s participation framework， Bourdieu’s theory of habitus， field， and capital， and Simmel’s the third space theory. Hence a well-established theoretical framework directly feeding into my study is still in absence. My argument of role deviation for conference interpreters might also be another conceptual rethinking. In this context， this book mainly tries to serve a dual purpose. On one hand， it aims at applying corpus and Python programming into data-mining of interpreters’ discourse， so that it can offer grounds for a further exploration of interpreters’ role. On the other hand， this book is intended to share a theoretical and analytical framework built on role theory， so that it can enrich the research theory in this domain. Meanwhile， this book is intended as a renewed call to the research community to further develop the field of studies on interpreters’ role with other intervening points in corpus-based method and from the lens of role theory.This book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 offers a brief introduction on research impetus， significance， purposes， questions and methodology. Chapter 2 presents a review of literature to explain the link between what has already been established as interpreters’ role and our current research. Chapter 3 takes stock of the conceptual relations among role， interpreters’ role and role deviation， and then theoretically demonstrates the rationale for role deviation as perceived through the use of hedges. Chapter 4 introduces the process of corpus building， namely， from press conference of Chinese government to CECIC（Chinese-English Conference Interpreting Corpus）. In what follows， Chapter 5 mainly deals with corpus-based quantitative analysis on hedges and shifting. Chapter 6 is devoted to qualitative analysis on role deviation in hedges shifting. As the last Chapter， Chapter 7 serves as a conclusion of the whole study， presents major findings and contributions， acknowledges our limitations and provides some suggestions and recommendations for future studies.
The current author remains with her argument and attempts to account for this limitation. For one thing， due to restricted research conditions， it is a huge challenge for researchers to make a distinction between conscious output and subconscious output when producing discourse. For another thing， considering that conference interpreters in diplomatic settings need clear consciousness to judge and cope with sensitive problems， and consecutive mode can allow interpreters to have several seconds to make conscious decisions in the interpreting process， this research prefers to believe that hedges shifting are driven by conscious role behavior of interpreters. Besides， systemic functional linguistics， pragmatics， social linguistics and cognitive linguistics all are inclined to acknowledge that language choice is conscious. Just as explained by Tian and Zhang， “if all language choice is subconscious， language studies would be limited to language itself without language users， and language studies would be meaningless” （Tian and Zhang 2007， p.11）. Therefore， this research regards interpreters’ use of hedges and their ways of processing hedges as conscious behavior. What’s more， the corpus-based method is intentionally taken by the current author in this research， with the aim of not only discovering hedges distribution and shifting regularities， but also attenuating the effect brought about by the hedges produced subconsciously or habitually， because this proportion of hedges can be regarded as a small probability event， which is insignificant and negligible in the big data of large-scale corpus.
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