1
History， Present and Prospect of Ayurveda - 001
1.1 History of Ayurveda - 003
1.1.1 Vedic Period - 003
1.1.2 Upanishadic Literature - 008
1.1.3 Purana Literature - 009
1.1.4 Buddhist Literature - 009
1.1.5 Samhita Period - 010
1.1.6 Medieval Period and Colonial Rule - 014
1.2 Basic Concepts in Ayurveda - 015
1.2.1 Panchamahabhutas (Five Elements) - 016
1.2.2 Doshas (Biologicial Energies) - 016
1.2.3 Prakriti (Constitution) - 019
1.2.4 Dhatus (Tissues) - 020
1.2.5 Ojas (Essence of Dhatu) - 022
1.2.6 Malas (Waste Products) - 023
1.2.7 Agni (Transinformatory Energy) - 023
1.2.8 Ama (Undigested Metabolities) - 024
1.2.9 Srotas (Circulatory Channels) - 024
1.2.10 Manas (Mind) - 025
1.2.11 Ayurvedic Treatment Approaches - 026
1.2.12 Traya Upastamaba (Three Supportive Pillars) - 027
1.2.13 Swasthavrtta (Healthy Lifestyle Practice) - 029
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1.3 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030
1.3.1 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030
1.3.2 Present Status of Ayurveda Outside India - 042
1.4 Ayurveda in Future - 045
References - 046
2
History， Present and Prospect of Chiropractic - 048
2.1 The History of Chiropractic (1880s through 1990s) - 049
2.1.1 Antecedents to Chiropractic - 049
2.1.2 Origins of Chiropractic - 051
2.1.3 Clinical Elements of Practice - 052
2.1.4 Training - 052
2.1.5 Licensure - 052
2.1.6 Scope and Practice - 053
2.1.7 Research， Journals， and Scientific Conferences - 053
2.2 The Chiropractic Profession Today
(2000 to the Present) - 055
2.2.1 Training - 056
2.2.2 Licensure - 058
2.2.3 Scope and Practice - 059
2.2.4 Spinal Adjustments as the Common Thread - 059
2.2.5 Specialties - 060
2.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging - 060
2.2.7 Athletic and Sports-Related Care - 060
2.2.8 Economic Considerations - 061
2.2.9 Reimbursement - 062
2.2.10 Emerging Models of Practice - 064
2.2.11 Public Perception - 066
2.2.12 Research， Journals， and Scientific Conferences - 067
2.2.13 The World View - 067
2.3 Potential Futures for the Chiropractic Profession - 067
2.3.1 Introduction - 067
2.3.2 Healthcare Landscape and Trends - 069
2.3.3 The Internet of Things (IOT) - 071
2.3.4 Training， Licensing， Scope of Practice and Regulations - 073
2.3.5 Market for Chiropractic Services and the Practice of
Chiropractic - 077
2.3.6 Integration - 078
2.3.7 Competition from Other Provider Types - 078
2.3.8 Chiropractic Research - 079
2.3.9 Public Perception of the Chiropractic Profession - 080
References - 081
History and Present of European Traditional Herbal
Medicine (Phytotherapie) - 085
3
3.1 Main Concepts - 086
3.1.1 Phytotherapy and Mainstream Medicine - 087
3.1.2 Effect and Efficacy - 087
3.1.3 Finding and Feeling - 087
3.2 The History of European Traditional Herbal Medicine
(European Phytotherapy) - 089
3.3 Traditional European Herbal Medicine in the Health
System - 098
3.3.1 Phytotherapeutic Products in Germany and Europe in the
Last 100 Years - 098
3.3.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to this Traditional Medicine - 102
3.3.3 Clinical Management - 109
3.3.4 Standardization - 110
3.3.5 Education and Training - 113
3.3.6 Organizations in the Field of European Phytopharmaceuticals - 118
3.3.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy， Quality
and Safety - 118
3.3.8 Products and Trading - 128
3.3.9 Dosage Forms of Herbal Medicinal Products - 131
3.3.10 Overseas Communication - 133
3.3.11 Current Challenges: Synergism the New Concept? - 134
3.3.12 Cultivation and Origin of Medicinal Drugs - 135
Appendix
Short Overview of Typical Phytochemical Applications - 139
References - 157
History， Present and Prospect of Greco-Arab and
Islamic Herbal Medicine - 158
4
4.1 A Brief History of Arab Medicine - 160
4.1.1 Early Arab and Islamic Medicine - 160
4.1.2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine - 162
4.1.3 Prominent Arab and Muslim Physicians - 163
4.1.4 Rhazes (Al-Razi， 864–930 AD) - 164
4.1.5 Avicenna (Ibn Sina， 980–1037 AD) - 165
4.1.6 Alhacen (Ibn al-Haitham， 965–1040 AD) - 167
4.1.7 Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288 AD) - 167
4.1.8 Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi， 936–1013 AD) - 168
4.1.9 Alkindus (Al-Kindi， 800–873 AD) - 169
4.1.10 Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr 1091–1162 AD) - 169
4.1.11 The Role of Arabs and Muslims in the Development of
Pharmacology - 169
4.1.12 Poisons and their Antidotes in Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal
Medicine - 171
4.1.13 Hospitals in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 171
4.1.14 Current Status of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 173
4.2 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean - 177
4.3 Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes，
Obesity， Cardiovascular Diseases - 181
4.3.1 Olea Europaea (Olive Tree) - 182
4.3.2 Punica Granatum (The Pomegranate) - 187
4.3.3 Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) - 190
4.3.4 Curcuma Longa Rhizomes (Turmeric) - 192
4.3.5 Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) - 194
4.4 Prospect of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 195
References - 199
5
History， Present and Prospect of Homeopathy - 203
5.1 History and Philosophy of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.1 Definition of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.2 Origin of Homeopathy - 204
5.1.3 Basic Principles - 206
5.1.4 Specific Concept of Health and Disease - 210
5.2 Current Status of Homeopathy - 214
5.2.1 Overview of National Health Service System and Integration
of Homeopathy into National Health System - 214
5.2.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to Homeopathic Practice - 217
5.2.3 Regulation of Homeopathic Medicinal Products (HMP) - 221
5.2.4 Clinical Management - 234
5.2.5 Standardization - 239
5.2.6 Education and Training - 241
5.2.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy， Quality， and
Safety (If Available) - 244
5.2.8 Homeopathic Medicines - 252
5.2.9 Trading - 252
5.2.10 Overseas Communication - 253
5.3 Prospect of Homeopathy - 253
5.3.1 The Need for Water Research - 253
5.3.2 The Need for Good Research Strategy - 254
5.3.3 The Need for Targeted Research into Specific Medical
Conditions - 254
5.3.4 The Need for International Awareness of National Policies
Which are T&CM-Unfriendly - 255
5.3.5 The Possibility of Supra-National Collaboration - 257
References - 257
6
History， Present and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 260
6.1 History of Kampo Medicine - 261
6.1.1 Ancient Era - 261
6.1.2 Medieval Age - 262
6.1.3 Meiji Restoration - 269
6.1.4 After the World War II - 273
6.2 Current Status of Kampo Medicine - 280
6.2.1 National Healthcare System and Integration of Traditional
Medicine into National Healthcare - 280
6.2.2 Insurance Coverage of Kampo Medicine/Acupuncture &
Moxibustion - 280
6.2.3 Licensure System， Training and Education - 281
6.2.4 Trade and Product - 282
6.2.5 Academic Societies and Research Centers for Kampo
Medicine - 283
6.2.6 Overseas Communication: Academic Symposium and
Conference - 286
6.2.7 Japan’s Contribution to International Standardization of
Traditional Medicine - 288
6.3 Challenges and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 290
References - 291
7
History， Present and Prospect of Korean Medicine - 293
7.1 History of Korean Medicine - 296
7.1.1 Ancient Times to Unified Silla Era - 296
7.1.2 Goryeo Dynasty - 296
7.1.3 Early and Mid-Joseon Dynasty Period - 297
7.1.4 Late Joseon Dynasty to Japanese Colonial Period - 299
7.1.5 1945 to Present - 300
7.2 Components of Korean Medicine - 302
7.2.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 302
7.2.2 Moxibustion - 305
7.2.3 Cupping - 305
7.2.4 Herbal Medicine Therapy - 306
7.2.5 Herbal Acupuncture Therapy (Pharmacopuncture) - 306
7.2.6 Chuna Manual Therapy - 307
7.2.7 Sasang Constitutional Medicine - 307
7.3 Legal Status and Administration of Korean Medicine - 310
7.3.1 Overview of Health Care System in Korea - 310
7.3.2 Legal Status and Administrational Body for Korean Medicine - 312
7.3.3 National Development Plans for Korean Medicine - 313
7.3.4 Policies on Korean Medicine Services - 314
7.3.5 Policies and Regulations on Herbal Medicines - 321
7.4 Resources and Utilization of Korean Medicine - 324
7.4.1 Human Resources - 324
7.4.2 Hospitals， Clinics， and Pharmacies， etc. - 325
7.4.3 Usage of the Korean Medicine Services - 327
7.5 Education in Korean Medicine - 329
7.5.1 Overview - 329
7.5.2 Education System for Korean Medicine Doctor - 331
7.5.3 Education System for Herbal Pharmacist - 333
7.5.4 Clinical Specialist Education - 333
7.5.5 Continuing Medical Education in Korean Medicine - 334
7.5.6 Accreditation and Evaluation of Education for Korean
Medicine Institutions - 334
7.6 Korean Medicine in Health Security System - 336
7.6.1 National Health Insurance and Korean Medicine - 336
7.6.2 Other Medical Guarantees and Korean Medicine - 339
7.6.3 Patient Classification System in Korean Medicine - 340
7.7 Industry and R&D of Korean Medicine - 341
7.7.1 Overview - 341
7.7.2 Korean Medicine Industry - 342
7.7.3 Research & Development of Korean Medicine - 344
7.8 Future Directions for Korean Medicine - 348
7.8.1 Improving Reliability of Korean Medicine through Scientific
Evidence Accumulation - 348
7.8.2 Innovating Korean Medicine Education - 349
7.8.3 Expanding Health Insurance Coverage for Korean Medicine - 349
7.8.4 Enhancing the Korean Medicine-Western Medicine Co-practice - 350
7.8.5 Promoting Korean Medicine Industry and R&D - 350
References - 351
Appendix
Act on the Promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
(Act No. 15910) - 352
History， Present and Prospect of Traditional Chinese
Medicine - 356
8
8.1 The Sprouting， Formation and Development - 357
8.1.1 The Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine - 357
8.1.2 TCM in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BCE–220 CE) - 360
8.1.3 TCM in the Wei， Jin， Southern & Northern， Sui， Tang and Five
Dynasties (220–960) - 362
8.1.4 The Song， Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960–1368) - 364
8.1.5 TCM in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368–1912) - 369
8.1.6 TCM in Modern Times - 373
8.2 The Fundamentals and Concepts of TCM - 379
8.2.1 Yin-Yang Theory - 380
8.2.2 The Five-Element Theory - 381
8.2.3 The Zang-Fu Theory - 381
8.2.4 Qi， Blood and Body Fluids - 383
8.2.5 Meridians - 386
8.2.6 Characteristics and Practice of TCM Clinical Thinking - 387
8.3 TCM Healthcare Skills and Practices - 388
8.3.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 388
8.3.2 Tuina - 391
8.3.3 Qigong and Daoyin - 392
8.3.4 Cupping Therapy - 394
8.3.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine - 395
8.3.6 Health Preservation - 398
8.4 Current Status of TCM - 401
8.4.1 Policies and Measures on TCM Development - 401
8.4.2 Regulations on TCM Service - 402
8.4.3 TCM Service - 404
8.4.4 Education and Training for TCM Professionals - 406
8.4.5 TCM Research and Innovation - 407
8.4.6 TCM Pharmaceutical Industry - 409
8.4.7 TCM Standardization and Cultural Development - 410
8.4.8 International Exchange and Cooperation in TCM - 411
8.5 Future Directions for TCM - 412
8.5.1 Improving TCM Service System - 412
8.5.2 Giving Play to the Unique Role of TCM in Maintaining and
Promoting People’s Health - 412
8.5.3 Promoting TCM Quality Enhancement and High-Quality TCM
Industry Development - 413
8.5.4 Strengthening the Building of TCM Professionals - 413
8.5.5 Facilitating the TCM Inheritance， Openness and Innovative
Development - 413
8.5.6 Reforming and Improving the TCM Management System and
Mechanism - 413
Reference - 413
Appendix I
Traditional Chinese Medicine in China - 415
Appendix II
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Traditional Chinese
Medicine - 421
Appendix III
Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment COVID-19 Diagnosis and
Treatment Protocol (the 9th Edition) - 427
Appendix IV
WHO Expert Meeting on Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine
in the Treatment of COVID-19 - 431
History， Present and Prospect of Thai Traditional
Medicine - 439
9
9.1 The Principles of Thai Traditional Medicine - 440
9.1.1 The Four Elements (Dhatu) of the Body and the Causes of
Illnesses - 440
9.1.2 Examination and Diagnostic Procedures of TTM - 441
9.1.3 Treatment Modalities in TTM - 441
9.2 History of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444
9.2.1 History of the Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444
9.2.2 The Revival of Thai Traditional Medicine - 445
9.2.3 Milestone of Major Events， Changes and Achievements in
TTM after the Establishment of DTAM - 449
9.3 Current Situations and Status of Thai Traditional Medicine
(2020–2021) - 453
9.3.1 Current Situation of the 4P of TTM - 454
9.3.2 The Current Situation of Ongoing Agenda-Driven Projects
on TTM Based on the Government Policies and the National
Strategy (2020–2021) - 464
9.4 Future Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 471
9.4.1 TTM Practice and Provision of TTM Service - 471
9.4.2 TTM Practitioners and TTM Educational System - 471
9.4.3 TTM Products and Herbal Products for Economy - 471
9.4.4 Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicine
Knowledge - 472
9.4.5 Medical Cannabis Service - 472
References - 472
內容試閱：
Traditional Medicine (TM) is the collection of skills and practices based on people’s life experiences or observations. With strong historical and cultural roots， it has long been used in health maintenance and in disease prevention and treatment. Thanks to the progress in modern science and civilization， TM has undergone， and is still undergoing an evolutionary process to “keep what’s good and remove what’s bad”.
TM has a long history. It is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “the sum total of the knowledge， skill， and practices based on the theories， beliefs， and experiences indigenous to different cultures， whether explicable or not， used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention， diagnosis， improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness”.
In some countries or territories， TM or non-conventional medicine may be termed alternative or complementary medicine. The social development and changes in the spectrum of human diseases have resulted in the medicine’s paradigm shift from the biomedical to the biopsychosocial model. At the same time， population aging， advances in rehabilitation medicine and emerging contagious diseases brought new challenges and opportunities for TM. TM is found in almost every country in the world and the demand for its service is increasing. It has been used for thousands of years and has made great contributions to human health.
According to the newly released WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019， as of 2018， 170 WHO Member States (88%) acknowledged their use of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM)， 107 had a national office for T&CM， 98 had developed national policies on T&CM， 75 reported the presence of a national research institute for T&CM， and 109 reported the presence of a legal or regulatory framework for T&CM. In addition， 124 Member States had implemented regulations on herbal medicines， 45 reported the coverage of T&CM by health insurance [public and (or) private]， and 34 included traditional or herbal medicines in their national essential medicines lists (NEMLs).
TM， with its availability and accessibility， is playing a key role in implementing the idea of people-centered health service and ensuring that all people have access to care. Thanks to the national policy of placing equal emphasis on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine in China， TCM is a key component in national healthcare system. It makes up 16.4% of the National Health Service and 23% of medical visits in grass-root medical institutions. The total output value of TCM pharmaceutical industry was approximately RMB 800 billion and the total value of international trade value reached $80 billion. Over 100 million Europeans are current users of T&CM， most (86%) Koreans have used traditional Korean Medicine at some point in their lives， and 76% of Singaporeans are regular users of TM. In the United States， more than 65% of the population use alternative and complementary medicine. In India， there are over 500，000 registered T&CM practitioners.
In Western countries， there has been an increasing demand for health service of TM， along with
the rapid increase in chronic disease， intractable conditions and rehabilitation medicine. In some
developing countries， TM plays a major role in primary healthcare service， and TM practitioners
remain the sole or main health providers for people living in rural areas.
Globally， TM is playing a significant role in health maintenance as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. However， the current status of TM varies greatly from country to country due to the imbalance of economic-social development and differences in health system and policies. TM， as pointed out in the WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014—2023， “is an important and often
underestimated part of health services”. Despite the fact that more and more countries have launched laws or regulations on TM， not so many countries reported the integration of TM within national health care system. There is still a gap between TM practitioners， skills and products and medical doctors， technologies and pharmaceutical drugs. In addition， there are many challenges for TM in healthcare delivery， education， research and pharmaceutical industry to meet the demand for health maintenance as well as disease prevention and treatment.
In 2009， a new technical committee entitled “Traditional Chinese Medicine” (TCM) and coded “249” was established in the ISO family. It focuses on the TCM safety and quality. I was honored to serve as the secretary general and worked with the chairman Dr. David Graham (the former chairman of TGA， Australia) for 9 years. I’ve served as the chairman of ISO/TC 249 since 2019. The ISO/TC 249 offers a work platform for top experts in the field of TM. We are making every effort to develop TM and improve the TCM safety and quality.
We have organized two forums on world TM in Shanghai， once in 2017 and once in 2019. Inspired by the information exchanged among experts during the forum on the past， present and future challenges of TM， I came up with the idea of compiling a book entitled History， Present and Prospect of World Traditional Medicine which received a very positive feedback from TM scholars.
After over two years of hard work from senior experts in different countries， we are now ready to publish the first volume of the book， which involves Ayurveda， chiropractic， European Traditional Herbal Medicine， Ancient Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine， Homeopathy， Japanese Kampo Medicine， Traditional Korean Medicine， Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Thai Medicine. We hope this book can serve as a useful reference for TM regulators and practitioners and thus contribute to human health and global development of TM.
We will continue to gather more information on other types of T&CM across the world and then publish the second volume once the time is ripe.
Shen Yuandong
Institute of TCM International Standardization， Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
April， 2022
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