Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Linguistics? 2
1.2 Scopes of Linguistics3
1.3 Some Distinctions in Linguistics5
1.4 What Is Language?7
1.5 Summary11
Chapter 2
Phonetics13
2.1 The Speech Chain.15
2.2 The Organs of Speech15
2.3 Consonants According to Places of Articulation18
2.4 Consonants According to Manners of Articulation20
2.5 Aspiration: A Vital Feature for Chinese Consonants23
2.6 Vowels24
2.7 Suprasegmental Features.26
2.8 Phonation Types28
2.9 Air Stream Mechanism29
2.10 The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and Sound Transcription30
2.11 Observing Speech Production Through Instruments32
2.12 Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds35
2.13 Summary42
Chapter 3
Phonology. 43
3.1 Phonemes45
3.2 Syllabic Structure and Phonotactics.47
3.3 Phonological Processes49
3.4 Constraints in Phonological Processes52
3.5 Historical Sound Change.53
3.6 Summary54
Chapter 4
Morphology 57
4.1 Definition of Morphology.59
4.2 Morpheme.59
4.3 Word Formation63
4.4 Summary.72
Chapter 5
Syntax 75
5.1 Introduction.76
5.2 Constituency.77
5.3 Tree Diagrams78
5.4 Major Constituents of Sentences: Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases81
5.5 Active and Passive Sentences83
5.6 Testing Constituency.84
5.7 Phrase-Structure Expansions85
5.8 Grammatical Relations: Subject， Direct Object， and Others88
5.9 Surface Structures and Underlying Structures.91
5.10 Syntactic Operations: Question Formation and the Auxiliary92
5.11 Summary94
Chapter 6
Semantics. 97
6.1 Some Views on Meaning.99
6.2 Lexical Meaning.102
6.3 Sense Relations Between Words.109
6.4 Sense Relations Between Sentences 114
6.5 Summary116
Chapter 7
Pragmatics. 121
7.1 What Is Pragmatics?122
7.2 Speech Act Theory.125
7.3 The Cooperative Principle127
7.4 The Politeness Principle.130
7.5 Summary131
Chapter 8
Discourse Analysis 135
8.1 What Is Discourse Analysis?136
8.2 Information Structure 137
8.3 Cohesion and Coherence138
8.4 Discourse Markers144
8.5 Conversation Analysis146
8.6 Textual Patterns149
8.7 Summary151
Chapter 9
Sociolinguistics 153
9.1 Introduction .154
9.2 Language Variety155
9.3 Languages in Contact .158
9.4 Summary.165
Chapter 10
Cognitive Linguistics 169
10.1 Introduction.170
10.2 Organizing Principles of Iconicity 171
10.3 Prototype Theory and Categorization .172
10.4 Polysemy and Radial Networks173
10.5 Metaphor and Metonymy 174
10.6 The Relation of Grammar to Cognition.176
10.7 Cognitive Grammar in Operation177
10.8 Construction Grammar178
10.9 Mental Spaces179
10.10 Grammaticalization 180
10.11 Summary181
Chapter 11
Psycholinguistics 183
11.1 Overview of Psycholinguistics 184
11.2 Language Comprehension Models186
11.3 Language Production Models192
11.4 Summary 194
Chapter 12
Language Acquisition 197
12.1 First Language Acquisition 199
12.2 Second Language Acquisition204
12.3 Instruction and Second Language Learning213
12.4 Summary215
References 219
语言学术语表 227
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