Part 1 Principles and procedures 25
1 Introduction and principles 26
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 The nature of EIA 27
1.3 The purposes of EIA 30
1.4 Projects，environment and impacts 37
1.5 Changing perspectives on EIA 45
1.6 Current issues in EIA 50
1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters 54
SOME QUESTIONS 55
Notes 56
References 56
2 Origins and development 85
2.1 Introduction 85
2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 86
2.3 The worldwide spread of EIA 96
2.4 Development in the UK 97
2.5 EC Directive 85/337 100
2.6 EC Directive 85/337，as amended by Directive 97/11/EC 105
2.7 An overview of EIA systems in the EU:divergent practice in a converging system? 106
2.8 Continuing issues，review and refinement of the EIA Directive in EU-27 111
2.9 Summary 113
SOME QUESTIONS 114
Notes 114
References 115
3 UK agency and legislative context 142
3.1 Introduction 142
3.2 The principal actors 142
3.3 EIA regulations:an overview 147
3.4 The Town and Country Planning (EIA)Regulations 2011 (previously the Town and Country Planning (EIA)Regulations 1999 and the Town and Country Planning (AEE)Regulations 1988) 151
3.5 Other EIA regulations 161
3.6 Summary and conclusions on changing legislation 167
SOME QUESTIONS 168
Notes 169
References 169
6 Participation， presentation and review 316
6.1 Introduction 316
6.2 Public consultation and participation 317
6.3 Consultation with statutory consultees and other countries 327
6.4 EIA presentation 328
6.5 Review of EISs 333
6.6 Decisions on projects 336
6.7 Summary 341
SOME QUESTIONS 342
Notes 343
References 344
7 Monitoring and auditing: after the decision 367
7.1 Introduction 367
7.2 The importance of monitoring and auditing in the EIA process 368
7.3 Monitoring in practice 370
7.4 Auditing in practice 375
7.5 A UK case study:monitoring and auditing the local socio-economic impacts of the Sizewell B PWR construction project 379
7.6 A UK case study:monitoring the local impacts of the London 2012 Olympics project 387
7.7 Summary 390
SOME QUESTIONS 391
Notes 391
References 392
Part 3 Practice 425
8 An overview of UK practice to date 426
8.1 Introduction 426
8.2 Number and type of EISs and projects 427
8.3 The pre-submission EIA process 432
8.4 EIS quality 438
8.5 The post-submission EIA process 442
8.6 Legal challenges 447
8.7 Costs and benefits of EIA 459
8.8 Summary 462
SOME QUESTIONS 463
Notes 463
References 463
9 Case studies of EIA in practice 512
9.1 Introduction 512
9.2 Wilton power station case study:project definition in EIA 513
9.3 N21 link road，Republic of Ireland:EIA and European protected habitats 520
9.4 Portsmouth incinerator:public participation in EIA 528
9.5 Humber Estuary development:cumulative effects assessment 534
9.6 Stansted airport second runway:health impact assessment 540
9.7 Cairngorm mountain railway:mitigation in EIA 550
9.8 SEA of UK offshore wind energy development 554
9.9 SEA of Tyne and Wear local transport plan 563
9.10 Summary 572
SOME QUESTIONS 573
References 573
10 Comparative practice 597
10.1 Introduction 597
10.2 EIA status worldwide 598
10.3 Benin 603
10.4 Peru 605
10.5 China 607
10.6 Poland 610
10.7 Canada 613
10.8 Australia and Western Australia 615
10.9 International bodies 620
10.10 Summary 622
SOME QUESTIONS 623
References 624
12 Improving the effectiveness of project assessment 692
12.1 Introduction 692
12.2 Perspectives on change 693
12.3 Possible changes in the EIA process:overviews of the future agenda 695
12.4 Possible changes in the EIA process:more specific examples 697
12.5 Extending EIA to project implementation:environmental management systems，audits and plans 716
12.6 Summary 721
SOME QUESTIONS 722
Notes 723
References 723
附录 727
附录1 欧盟委员会环境影响评价指令全文 (合并版) 727
附录2 城乡规划(EIA)法规2011 清单2 (规定2.1) 738
附录3 欧盟委员会战略环境影响评价指令全文 743
附录4 The Lee和Colley评审标准 748
附录5 环境影响报告评审系统牛津布鲁克斯大学影响评价小组 (IAU) 748
Appendices 756
Appendix 1 Full text of the European Commission’s EIA Directive(the Consolidated EIA Directive) 756
Appendix 2 Town and Country Planning (EIA)Regulations 2011—Schedule 2 (Regulation 2.1) 771
Appendix 3 Full text of the European Commission’s SEA Directive 777
Appendix 4 The Lee and Colley review package 784
Appendix 5 Environmental impact statement review package(IAU，Oxford Brookes University) 785
John Glasson
Riki Therivel
Andrew Chadwick
2011年于牛津
Preface to the fourth edition
The aims and scope of this fourth edition are unchanged from those of the first edition.However，as noted in the preface to the first edition，EIA continues to evolve and adapt，and any commentary on the subject must be seen as part of a continuing discussion. The worldwide spread of EIA is becoming even more comprehensive.In the European Union there is now over 25 years’ experience of the implementation of the pioneering EIA Directive，including 10 years’experience of the important 1999 amendments.There has been considerable interest in the development of the EIA process，in strengthening perceived areas of weakness，in extending the scope of activity and also in assessing effectiveness. Reflecting such changes，this fully revised edition updates the commentary by introducing and developing a number of issues that are seen as of growing importance to both the student and the practitioner of EIA.
The structure of the first edition has been retained，plus much of the material from the third edition，but considerable variations and additions have been made to specific sections. In Part 1 (on principles and procedures)，the importance of an adaptive EIA，plus the burgeoning range of EA activity，are addressed further.In the EU context，the implementation of the amended EIA Directive is discussed more fully，including the divergent practice across the widening range of Member States.The specific new 2011 regulations and procedures operational in the UK are set out in Chapter 3.In Part 2 (discussion of the EIA process)，most elements have been updated，including screening and scoping，alternatives， impact identification，prediction，participation and presentation，mitigation and enhancement，and monitoring and auditing.
We have made major changes to Part 3 (overview of practice)，drawing on the findings of important reviews of EIA effectiveness and operation in practice.For example，Chapter 8 includes much new material on the implication of legal challenges in EIA.Chapter 9 includes some new practice case studies.Most of the case studies are UK-based and involve EIA at the individual project level，although two examples of SEA are also discussed，plus new topics such as health impact assessment.While it is not claimed that the selected case studies all represent best examples of EIA practice，they do include some novel and innovative approaches towards particular issues in EIA，such as new methods of public participation and the treatment of cumulative effects.They also draw attention to some of the limitations of the process in practice.Chapter 10 (Comparative practice)has also had a major revision，reflecting，for example，growing experience in African countries，China and countries in transition，and major reviews for some well-established EIA systems in，for example，Canada and Australia.
Part 4 of the book (Prospects)has also been substantially revised to reflect some of the changing prospects for EIA.Chapter 11 discusses the need for strategic environmental assessment (SEA)and some of its limitations.It reviews the status of SEA in the USA，European Union and UNECE，and China.It then discusses in more detail how the European SEA Directive is being implemented in the UK.It concludes with the results of recent research into the effectiveness of the SEA Directive.Chapter 12 has been extensively revised and extended.It includes，for example，more consideration of cumulative impacts，socioeconomic impacts，health impact assessment，equalities impact assessment，appropriate assessment， the new area of resilience thinking，and the vitally important topic of planning for climate change in EIA，plus possible shifts towards more integrated assessment.The chapter concludes with a discussion of the parallel and complementary development of environmental management systems and audits.Together，these topics act as a kind of action list for future improvements to EIA.This chapter in particular，but also much else in the book，draws on some of the findings of recent reviews of EIA practice undertaken by，among others，the EC，the IAIA (International Association for Impact Assessment)and the IEMA (the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment).
The Appendices include the full versions of the amended EIA Directive and the SEA Directive，a revised IAU EIS review package，and a guide to key EIA journals and websites worldwide.
John Glasson
Riki Therivel
Andrew Chadwick
Oxford 2011
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