Chapter1 Environment 10
1.1. Introduction 10
1.1.1 Definition of Environment 10
1.1.2 Classification of Environment 13
1.1.3 Characteristics of Environment 13
1.2. Natural environment 14
1.2.1 Atmosphere 14
1.2.2 Hydrosphere 18
1.2.3 Lithosphere 21
1.2.4 Soil 22
1.2.5 Biosphere 24
1.3. Artificial environment 25
1.3.1 Types of Artificial Environment 25
1.3.2 Characteristics of Artificial Environment 25
1.4. Environmental functional attributes 28
1.4.1 Diversity of natural composition and structure 28
1.4.2 Material circulation 29
1.4.3 Energy flow 35
1.4.4 Information transmission 38
1.4.5 The zonal law of the natural environment 39
Discussion questions 43
Further reading 43
Reading 1. What is Environmental History? 43
Reading 2. The Great Smog Begins 49
Reading 3. The Story of Silent Spring 51
References 54
Chapter 2 Environmental problems 56
2.1 Definition of environmental problems 56
2.2 Classification of environmental problems 57
2.3 Environmental problems occurrence and development 60
2.4 The essence of environmental problems 60
2.5 Global environmental problems 61
2.6 Chinas environmental problems 104
2.7 Solutions to environmental problems 110
2.7.1 Sustainability 110
2.7.2 Environmental protection 112
2.7.3 Cleaner production 114
2.7.4 Climate change mitigation 116
2.7.5 Restoration ecology 117
Discussion questions 117
Chapter 3 Population and Environment 118
3.1 Population Growth 118
3.2 Impact of Population Growth on Environment 120
3.2.1 The Pressure of Population Growth on Land Resources 120
3.2.2 The Pressure of Population Growth on Water Resources 121
3.2.3 The Pressure of Population Growth on Energy 122
3.2.4 Relationship Between Human and Environment 124
3.2.5 Population Growth and Sustainable Development of EcologicalEnvironment 125
3.3 China''s Population Status 127
3.3.1 The Total Fertility Rate is Low, but the Population Growth is StillLarge 127
3.3.2 The Overall Quality of the Population is not High 128
3.3.3 Population Aging and the Sex Ratio at Birth is Unbalanced 130
3.3.4 Floating Population Increasing 130
3.3.5 The Pressure of Population on Social Security 131
3.4 Suggestions to Solve China''s Population Problem 131
3.5 Causes of Human Overpopulation 134
3.6 Effects of Human Overpopulation 135
3.6.1 Loss of Fresh Water 136
3.6.2 Increased Global Warming and Climate Change 137
3.6.3 Species Extinction 138
3.6.4 Depletion of Natural Resources 139
3.6.5 Increased Emergence of New Epidemics and Pandemics 140
3.6.6 Increased Habitat Loss 140
3.7 Overpopulation Solutions 141
Resources 143
Chapter 4 Ecosystem and Ecological Protection 144
4.1 Definition of Ecosystem 144
4.2 Components of Ecosystem 144
4.3 Function of Ecosystem 145
4.3.1 Productivity 146
4.3.2 Decomposition 147
4.3.3 Energy Flow 148
4.3.4 Ecological Pyramids 151
4.3.5 Ecological Succession 153
4.3.6 Nutrient Cycling 155
4.4 Ecological Balance and Ecological Destruction 160
4.4.1 Ecological Balance 160
4.4.2 Ecological Destruction 162
4.5 Application of Ecology in Environmental Protection 167
Discussion questions 168
Chapter 5 Resources, Energy and Environment 169
5.1 Definition and Characteristics of Natural Resources 169
5.2 Classification of Natural Resources 170
5.3 Renewable resource 172
5.3.1 Solar energy 172
5.3.2 Wind energy 192
5.3.3 Geothermal energy 201
5.3.4 Water Resources 209
5.3.5 Air Resource 220
5.3.6 Soil 221
5.3.7 Cultivated Plants 239
5.3.8 Biomass and Bioenergy 240
5.3.9 Animals 253
5.4 Non-renewable resource 254
5.4.1 Coal 254
5.4.2 Oil 255
5.4.3 Peat 256
5.4.4 Uranium 256
5.4.5 Gold 257
5.4.6 Aluminum 257
5.4.7 Sand 258
5.4.8 Iron 258
5.4.9 Phosphate rock 259
5.4.10 Rare earth elements 259
5.5 Chinas Energy Supply and Environmental Issues 260
5.5.1 Oil Use 261
5.5.2 Coal Use 262
5.5.3 Natural Gas Use 263
5.5.4 Non-Fossil-Fuel Energy 264
5.5.5 Other Energy Policies 264
5.5.6 Policies That Promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency265
Discussion questions 266
Chapter 6 Air Pollution and Its Prevention and Control 267
6.1 Air Pollution 267
6.1.1 Atmospheric composition 267
6.1.2 Air pollution and pollution sources 273
6.1.3 Air pollutants 274
6.1.4 Air pollution and human health 279
6.2 Atmospheric pollution dynamics 286
6.2.1 Atmospheric vertical structure 286
6.2.2 Air pollutions meteorological influencing factors 286
6.2.3 Air pollutions geographical influencing factors 287
6.2.4 Comprehensive utilization of resources and energy 289
6.2.5 Application in other aspects of environmental protection 290
6.3 Global atmospheric environment problems formation mechanism and itsprevention and control measures 293
6.3.1 Global warming 293
6.3.2 Impact on humans of global warming 295
6.3.3 Comprehensive measures to control global warming 295
6.3.4 Ozone layer damage and prevention measures 296
6.3.5 Acid rain Settlement and control measures 299
6.4 Status of Chinas air pollution 300
6.4.1 Overview of Chinas air pollution 300
6.4.2 Characteristics of Chinas air pollution 303
6.4.3 Prevention and control of Chinas air pollution 304
Discussion questions 311
Chapter 7 Water and Water Pollution 312
7.1 Water 313
7.1.1 Water Resources 313
7.1.2 Water Cycle 317
7.1.3 Earths Fresh Water 328
7.1.4 Precipitation 328
7.1.5 Global View 329
7.1.6 Surface Water 330
7.1.7 Groundwater 331
7. 2 Water Sources and Water Environment Quality in China 334
7.2.1 Distribution of Water Resources in China 334
7.2.2 Water Pollution Leads to Water Shortage 335
7.2.3 Engineering Water Shortage Caused by Insufficient Water ResourcesRegulation Capacity 335
7.2.4 Current Water Environment Quality in China 335
7.2.5 Sources and Characteristics of Chemical Pollution 338
7.2.6 Priority Controlling Pollutants 344
7.2.7 Persistent Toxic Pollutants in the Water Environment 348
7.2.8 Pesticides in Water and Health 350
7.2.9 Phthalate Contamination in Water 355
7.2.10 PAHs in water 357
7.3 Water Pollution 359
7.3.1 Water Pollution Sources 359
7.3.2Various Causes of Water Pollution 359
7.3.3 Causes and Effects of Water Pollution 362
7.3.4 Water Pollution Control 368
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