目录
作者
前言
**部分:全球生态学,生物圈及其演化
引言 3
生物圈的非生物及生物多样性 4
人类圈及人类对生物圈的影响 7
宇宙生物学 13
生物地理群落,生物圈内生物地球化学结构的基本单位 16
生物圈,Vernadsky的概念 23
毁林 27
核战争对环境与生物圈的影响 34
海洋的进化 4l
捕食者-被捕食者系统的进化 54
生物圈中真菌及其功能 60
盖亚Gaia假说 69
水圈 73
人类知识圈 80
土壤圈 83
生命现象:概况 88
生活史及结构 l90
第二部分:全球循环,平衡及流动
钙循环 ll7
碳循环 l23
能量平衡 l34
生物圈的能流 l47
生物圈的熵及熵流 l54
生物圈的信息及信息流 l62
铁循环 l65
生物圈的物质及物质流 l70
微生物循环 l83
氮循环 l90
氧循环 l97
磷循环 204
辐射平衡与太阳辐射光谱 214
放射性核素:其生物化学循环反对生物圈的影响 218
硫循环 227
水循环 234
有机污染物xenobiotics循环 239
第三部分:全球格局与过程
农业 25l
物质与金属生态学 260
大气圈内的甲烷 274
全球尺度监测、观察和遥感 277
洋流及其在生物圈的功能 298
降水格局 304
温度格局 3ll
作为全球过程的城市化 316
风化过程 322
第四部分:气候变化
气候变化1:短期动态 33l
气候变化2:长期动态 335
气候变化3:历史与现实状态 34l
生物圈与气候的共同进化 346
全球变化对气候的影响 356
第五部分:生态化学计量学
生态化学计量学:概论 365
生态系统格局与过程 380
进化与生化上的生态化学计量学 390
个体生理生态学 399
种群与群落相互作用 408
痕量元素 418
索引 429
(牟溥 译)
CONTENTS
Contents v
List of Contributors vii
Preface xi
PART A: GLOBAL ECOLOGY,THE BIOSPHERE AND ITS EVOLUTION
INTRODUCTION S E Jorgensen 3
ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Geogievich 4
ANTHROPOSPHERIC AND ANTROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE BIOSPHERE S Pegov 7
ASTROBIOLOGY C P McKay 13
BIOGEOCOENOSIS AS AN ELEMENTARY UNIT OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL WORK IN THE BIOSPHERE J Puzachenko 16
BIOSPHERE. VERNADSKYS CONCEPT Y M Svirezhev and A Svirejva-Hopkins 23
DEFORESTRATION A Shvidenko 27
ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSPHERIC IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR WAR P Carl,Y Svirezhev and G Stenchikov 34
EVOLUTION OF OCEANS R Klige 41
EVOLUTION OF PREYPREDATOR S YSTEMS H Matsuda 54
FUNGI AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE G M Gadd 60
GAIA HYPOTHESIS P J Boston 69
HYDROSPHERE Z W Kundzewicz 73
NOOSPHERE C Jager 80
PEDOSPHERE V O Targulian and R W Arnold 83
PHENOMENON OF LIFE: GENERAL ASPECTS S V Chernyshenko 88
STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF LIFE S V Chernyshenko 100
PART B: GLOBAL CYCLES,BALANCES AND FLOWS
CALCIUM CYCLE C L De La Rocha,C J Hoff and J G Bryce 117
CARBON CYCLE V N Bashkin and I V Priputina 123
ENERGY BALANCE A Kleidon 134
ENERGY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 147
ENTROPY AND ENTROPY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 154
INFORMATION AND INFORMATION FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Georgievich 162
IRON CYCLE K A Hunter and R Strzepek 165
MATTER AND MATTER FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE S V Chernyshenko 170
MICROBIAL CYCLES G A Zavarzin 183
NITROGEN CYCLE P E Widdison and T P Burt 190
OXYGEN CYCLE D J Wuebbles 197
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Y Liu and J Chen 204
RADIATION BALANCE AND SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM I N Sokolik 214
RADIONUCLIDES: THEIR BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND THE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE H N Lee 218
SULPHUR CYCLE P A Loka Bharathi 227
WATER CYCLE Z W Kundzewicz 234
XENOBIOTICS CYCLES V N Bashkin 239
PART C: GLOBAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES
AGRICULTURE D Lyuri 251
MATERIAL AND METAL ECOLOGY M A Reuter and A van Schaik 260
METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE S A Pegov 274
MONITORING,OBSERVATIONS,AND REMOTE SENSING-GLOBAL DIMENSIONS S Unninayar and L Olsen 277
OCEAN CURRENTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE A Ganopolski 298
PRECIPITATION PATTERN F W Gerstengarbe and P C Werner 304
TEMPERATURE PATTERNS I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 311
URBANIZATION AS A GLOBAL PROCESS A Svirejeva-Hopkins 316
WEATHERING S Franck,C Bounama,and W von Bloh 322
PART D: CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE 1: SHORT-TERM DYNAMICS G Alexandrov 331
CLIMATE CHANGE 2: LONG-TERM DYNAMICS W von Bloh 335
CLIMATE CHANGE 3: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 341
COEVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE AND CLIMATE D W Schwartzman 346
GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE W Cramer 356
PART E: ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY
ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY: OVERVIEW R W Sterner and J J Elser 365
ECOSYSTEM PATTERNS AND PROCESSES S A Thomas and J Cebrian 380
EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS A D Kay and T Vrede 390
ORGANISAL ECOPHYSIOLOGY T Vrede and A D Kay 399
POPULATION AND COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS J P Grover 408
TRACE ELEMENTS A Quigg 418
Index 429