PREFACE STUDY REGION
SUMMARY
Hydroenergy Resources Assessment and Development 001
1.1 Methods and Data 002
Resource Assessment Methods 002
Macro Site Selection Method 004
Basic Data and Parameters 006
1.2 Resource Assessment 010
Distribution of Water Systems 010
Hydrological Data 010
Distribution of Land Covers 015
Geological Conditions 017
Overview of Hydroenergy Resources 021
Assessment Results 025
1.3 Aase Development 041
Development Status 041
Layout of Bases 042
Base at Main Stream of Koshi River 044
Base at Main Stream of Punatsang River 054
Base at Main Stream of Mahakam River 060
Base at Main Stream of Rajang River 068
Base at Main Stream of Malinau River 069
Base at Main Stream Reach of Ayeyarwady River 072
Base at Main Stream of Salween River 075
Base at Main Stream of Mekong River 078
Base at Main Stream of Naryn River 081
Base at Main Stream of Aldan River 086
2 Wind Energy Resources Assessment and Development 091
2.1 Methods and Data 092
Resource Assessment Methods 092
Macro Site Selection Method 096
Basic Data and Parameters 098
2.2 Resource Assessment 105
Distribution of Wind Speeds 105
Land Covers 107
Distribution of Conservation Areas 107
Transportation Facilities 107
Grid Facilities 111
Assessment Results 113
2.3 Power Bases Development 125
Development Status 125
Layout of Bases 126
Overview of Bases 126
Study on Site Selection of Bases 139
3 Solar Energy Resources Assessment and Development 149
3.1 Methods and Data 150
Resource Assessment Method 150
Macro Site Selection Method 152
Basic Data and Parameters 154
3.2 Resource Assessment 160
Distribution of Global Horizontal Irradiance 160
Land Covers 162
Distribution of Terrains 162
Assessment Results 167
3.3 Development of Photovoltaic Bases 178
Development Status 178
Layout of Bases 179
Overview of Bases 180
Study on Site Selection of Bases 190
4 Outbound Transmission of Large-scale Renewable Energy Bases 201
4.1 Forecast of Electricity Demand 202
4.2 Deep Electric Energy Substitution 206
Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Energy Utilization for
Clean Electricity 206
Seawater Desalination and Ecological Restoration 209
4.3 East Asia 211
Power Delivery Direction 211
Power Transmission Mode 212
4.4 Southeast Asia 213
Power Delivery Direction 213
Power Transmission Mode 215
4.5 South Asia 216
Power Delivery Direction 216
Power Transmission Mode 218
4.6 Central Asia 219
Power Delivery Direction 219
Power Transmission Mode 221
4.7 West Asia 222
Power Delivery Direction 222
Power Transmission Mode 223
5 Policy Environment and Investment and Financing Suggestions 225
5.1 Overview of Countries in Asia 226
5.2 Policy Environment for Major Countries 229
Russia 229
South Korea 231
Japan 233
Kazakhstan 235
Iran 238
Saudi Arabia 240
Bangladesh 243
Pakistan 245
Uzbekistan 247
Thailand 249
India 251
Indonesia 253
Mongolia 255
Myanmar 257
Laos 259
5.3 Investment and Financing Proposal 261
Building a cross-boarder and trans-regional clean energy power market 261
Establishing a clean energy cooperation mechanism at the cross-boarder
and trans-regional level 261
Leveraging the financial advantages of the “Belt and Road” Initiative 262
Developing Renewable Energy Industrial Parks 262
Reducing fossil energy subsidies gradually 262
5.4 Summary 263
EPILOGUE 264
內容試閱：
Energy is an important foundation for economic and social development. Mankind uses energy, historically we have converted energy sources from firewood to fossil such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy, every change is accompanied by a huge leap in productivity and major progress in human civilization. Energy, as the driving force for the development of modern society, contributes to the nation’s economy and its citizens’ interactive dynamic, as well as to their welfare. The massive development and use of traditional fossil energy has led to increasingly prominent problems such as resource shortages, environmental pollution, and climate change, which seriously threaten human survival and sustainable development. In essence, the core of sustainable development is clean development. The key is to promote renewable energy,and replace fossil energy with renewable energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower.Scientific and accurate quantitative assessment of resources is the critical foundation for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. At present, the globally installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar power has exceeded 30% of the installed capacity of power sources. Although some achievements have been made in the development of renewable energy, there is still potential for it to expand. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct a fine assessment on resource reserves. On the basis of establishing and improving the global renewable energy resources database, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization GEIDCO has established an assessment system and digital fine assessment models for renewable energy resources. These models carry out systematic calculation and quantitative assessment of theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar energies from a global perspective. An achievement of the Global Renewable-energy Exploitation ANalysis GREAN platform has been made, thereby the accuracy and timeliness of global renewable energy resources assessment will be effectively improved, subsequently providing an important support for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy in relevant countries and regions.Systematic and efficient macro site selection of power bases is an important prerequisite for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. The site selection of renewable energy power bases is related to the cost-effectiveness of power station development, which crucially contributes to economic development and the efficient utilization of renewable energy. There are many factors affecting the site selection of power bases, hence the site selection analyses and decision-making process are convoluted. The desk top study of site selection is often limited by the integrity and accuracy of data. Site selection must rely on site surveys, which requires a huge amount of manpower, financial resources and time. By taking into account factors such as global topography and terrain elevation, land covers, water systems, natural reserves, geology and historical seismic activity frequency, power supply and power grid, population and economy, GEIDCO has developed a set of basic database, models and tools for macro site selection for renewable energy power bases which significantly increase the breadth and depth of data collection and analysis processes, thereby, greatly improving the accuracy, economy and effectiveness of the desk top study of site selection, and achieving systematic achievements in promoting the development of global renewable energy resources. The data collected and analyzed by such models and tools are referred as “Reference Book” and “Data Manual” and used during the world’s energy strategy research and policy formulation.Focusing on the world’s resource assessment and base development of all continents, GEIDCO has prepared a series of scientific reports on renewable energy development and investment globally, specifically in continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Central and South America and Oceania. This report is one of the renewable energy research series focusing on Asia, which fully shows the achievements in the assessment of renewable energy resources and the site selection of large-scale power bases in Asia. In Chapters 1, 2 and 3, the resource assessment and base development research of hydropower, wind power and photovoltaic power in Asia were completed by digital methods. Firstly, the methods, models and data of resource assessment and site selection are introduced respectively. In terms of hydropower, the theoretical potential of hydroenergy resources in major river basins of Asia is calculated, and cascade hydropower stations development schemes of major reaches are proposed. In terms of wind power and photovoltaic power, on the basis of comprehensive calculation and analysis of the main factors affecting centralized development, the theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaic power in all countries and regions of Asia have been calculated. Using the GREAN platform, the site selection and layout of large-scale onshore wind power bases and large-scale solar photovoltaic power bases in Asia are proposed, and the assessment of development conditions, development scale and the calculation of technical and economic indicators are completed. In Chapter 4, based on the development trend of energy and electricity supply and demand in Asia, the power transmission direction andmode of large-scale renewable energy bases are studied and analyzed by coordinating the regional, trans-regional and trans-continental power consumption markets. Chapter 5 reviews the energy policies and investment status of major countries in Asia, analyzes the typical investment modes of renewable energy exploitation projects, conducts case studies in the development schemes of large-scale hydro, wind and solar power bases in Asia, and proposes suggestions on policies and investment modes to speed up clean development in Asia.The Global Renewable Energy Development and Investment series of reports made by the GEIDCO are committed to providing guidance and reference for the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy around the world and accelerating the implementation of clean alternatives on the energy supply side. This report provides guidelines and acts as a reference guide for government departments, international organizations, energy enterprises, financial institutions, universities and relevant individuals who take part in renewable energy resource assessment, strategic research, project development, international cooperation, etc. However, due to the time constraints for data collection and report research writing timeframe, the contents may be incomplete. Comments and suggestions are welcome for further improvements.
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