PREFACE STUDY REGION SUMMARY
Hydroenergy Resources Assessment and Development 001
1.1Methods and Data 002
1.1.1Resource Assessment Methods 002
1.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 004
1.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 006
1.2Resource Assessment 010
1.2.1Distribution of Water Systems 010
1.2.2Hydrological Data 011
1.2.3Land Covers 014
1.2.4Geological Conditions 015
1.2.5Overview of Hydroenergy Resources 019
1.2.6Assessment Results 020
1.3Base Development 029
1.3.1Development Status 029
1.3.2Layout of Bases 030
1.3.3Base at Main Stream of Purari River 031
1.3.4Base at Main Stream of Strickland River 042
1.3.5Base at Main Stream of Clutha River 049
Wind Energy Resources Assessment and Development 053
2.1Methods and Data 054
2.1.1Resource Assessment Methods 054
2.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 058
2.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 060
2.2Resource Assessment 066
2.2.1Distribution of Wind Speeds 066
2.2.2Distribution of Land Covers 067
2.2.3Distribution of Conservation Areas 068
2.2.4Transportation Facilities 068
2.2.5Grid Facilities 070
2.2.6Assessment Results 072
2.3Power Bases Development 080
2.3.1Development Status 080
2.3.2Layout of Bases 081
2.3.3Overview of Bases 082
2.3.4Study on Site Selection of Bases 084
Solar Energy Resources Assessment and Development 095
3.1Methods and Data 096
3.1.1Resource Assessment Method 096
3.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 098
3.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 100
3.2Resource Assessment 105
3.2.1Distribution of Global Horizontal Irradiance 105
3.2.2Distribution of Land Covers 106
3.2.3Distribution of Terrains 107
3.2.4Assessment results 109
3.3Development of Photovoltaic Bases 116
3.3.1Development Status 116
3.3.2Layout of Bases 117
3.3.3Overview of Bases 118
3.3.4Study on Site Selection of Bases 119
Outbound Transmission of Large-scale Renewable Energy Bases 131
4.1Forecast of Electricity Demand 132
4.2Deep Electric Energy Substitution 136
4.2.1Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Energy Utilization for
Clean Electricity 136
4.2.2Seawater Desalination and Ecological Restoration 139
4.3Outbound Transmission of Renewable Energy Bases in Australia 141
4.3.1Power Delivery Direction 141
4.3.2Power Transmission Mode 142
4.4Outbound Transmission of Renewable Energy Bases in New Zealand 144
4.4.1Power Delivery Direction 144
4.4.2Power Transmission Mode 145
4.5Outbound Transmission of Renewable Energy Bases in Papua New Guinea 146
4.5.1Power Delivery Direction 146
4.5.2Power Transmission Mode 147
Policy Environment and Investment and Financing Suggestions 149
5.1Overview of Investment and Financing Policies of Oceanian Countries 150
5.2Policy Environment for Major Countries in Oceania 152
5.2.1Australia 152
5.2.2New Zealand 155
5.2.3Papua New Guinea 157
5.3Investment and Financing Proposal 159
5.3.1Establishing a Regional Clean Energy Development
Fund to Accelerate Clean Energy Development 159
5.3.2Strengthening energy infrastructure investment to improve
climate change adaptability 159
5.4Summary 160
EPILOGUE 161
內容試閱：
Energy is an important foundation for economic and social development. Mankind uses energy, historically we have converted energy sources from firewood to fossil such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy, every change is accompanied by a huge leap in productivity and major progress in human civilization. Energy, as the driving force for the development of modern society, contributes to the nation’s economy and its citizens’ interactive dynamic, as well as to their welfare. The massive development and use of traditional fossil energy has led to increasingly prominent problems such as resource shortages, environmental pollution, and climate change, which seriously threaten human survival and sustainable development. In essence, the core of sustainable development is clean development. The key is to promote renewable energy, and replace fossil energy with renewable energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower.Scientific and accurate quantitative assessment of resources is the critical foundation for large- scale development and utilization of renewable energy. At present, the globally installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar power has exceeded 30% of the installed capacity of power sources. Although some achievements have been made in the development of renewable energy,there is still potential for it to expand. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct a fine assessment on resource reserves. On the basis of establishing and improving the global renewable energy resources database, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization GEIDCO has established an assessment system and digital fine assessment models for renewable energy resources. These models carry out systematic calculation and quantitative assessment of theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar energies from a global perspective. An achievement of the Global Renewable-energy Exploitation ANalysis GREAN platformhas been made, thereby the accuracy and timeliness of global renewable energy resources assessment will be effectively improved, subsequently providing an important support for large- scale development and utilization of renewable energy in relevant countries and regions.Systematic and efficient macro site selection of power bases is an important prerequisite for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. The site selection of renewable energy power bases is related to the cost-effectiveness of power station development, which crucially contributes to economic development and the efficient utilization of renewable energy. There are many factors affecting the site selection of power bases, hence the site selection analyses and decision-making process are convoluted. The desk top study of site selection is often limited by the integrity and accuracy of data. Site selection must rely on site surveys, which requires a huge amount of manpower, financial resources and time. By taking into account factors such as global topography and terrain elevation, land covers,water systems, natural reserves, geology and historical seismic activity frequency, power supply and power grid, population and economy, GEIDCO has developed a set of basic database, models and tools for macro site selection for renewable energy power bases which significantly increase the breadth and depth of data collection and analysis processes, thereby, greatly improving the accuracy, economy and effectiveness of the desk top study of site selection, and achieving systematic achievements in promoting the development of global renewable energy resources. The data collected and analyzed by such models and tools are referred as “Reference Book” and “Data Manual” and used during the world''s energy strategy research and policy formulation.Focusing on the world’s resource assessment and base development of all continents, GEIDCO has prepared a series of scientific reports on renewable energy development and investment globally, specifically in continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Central and South America and Oceania. This report is one of the renewable energy research series focusing on Oceania, which fully shows the achievements in the assessment of renewable energy resources and the site selection of large-scale power bases in Oceania. In Chapters 1, 2 and 3, the resource assessment of hydroenergy, and the resource assessment and base development research of wind and solar energy in Oceania were completed by digital methods. Firstly, the methods, models and data of resource assessment and site selection are introduced respectively. Interms ofhydropower,the theoretical potentialof hydroenergy resources in major river basins of Oceania is calculated and cascade hydropower development schemes for reaches to be developed are proposed. In terms of wind and photovoltaic power, on the basis of comprehensive calculation and analysis of the main factors affecting centralized development, the theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and cost of wind and solar energy under centralized development in all countries and regions of Oceania have been calculated. Using the GREAN platform, thesite selection and layout of large-scale onshore wind power bases and large-scale solar photovoltaic power bases in Oceania are proposed, and the assessment of development conditions, development scale and the calculation of technical and economic indicators are completed. In chapter 4, based on the development trend of energy and electricity supply and demand in Oceania, the power transmission direction and mode of large-scale renewable energy bases are studied and analyzed by coordinating the regional, trans-regional and trans-continental power consumption markets. Chapter 5 reviews the energy policies and investment status of major countries in Oceania, analyzes the typical investment modes of renewable energy development projects, conducts case studies in the development schemes of large-scale hydro, wind and solar power bases in Oceania, and proposes suggestions on policies and investment modes to speed up clean development in Oceania.The Global Renewable Energy Development and Investment series of reports made by the GEIDCO are committed to providing guidance and reference for the large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy around the world and accelerating the implementation of clean alternatives on the energy supply side. This report provides guidelines and acts as a reference guide for government departments, international organizations, energy enterprises, financial institutions, universities and relevant individuals who take part in renewable energy resource assessment, strategic research, project development, international cooperation, etc. However, due to the time constraints for data collection and report research writing timeframe, the contents may be incomplete. Comments and suggestions are welcome for further improvements.
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