PREFACE STUDY REGION SUMMARY
Hydroenergy Resources Assessment and Development 001
1.1Methods and Data 002
1.1.1Resource Assessment Methods 002
1.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 004
1.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 006
1.2Resource Assessment 009
1.2.1Distribution of Water Systems 009
1.2.2Hydrological Data 009
1.2.3Land Covers 014
1.2.4Geological Conditions 016
1.2.5Overview of Hydroenergy Resources 020
1.2.6Assessment Results 023
1.2.7Development Status 039
Wind Energy Resources Assessment and Development 041
2.1Methods and Data 042
2.1.1Resource Assessment Methods 042
2.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 046
2.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 048
2.2Resource Assessment 055
2.2.1Distribution of Wind Speeds 055
2.2.2Land Covers 055
2.2.3Distribution of Conservation Areas 060
2.2.4Transportation Facilities 060
2.2.5Grid Facilities 064
2.2.6Assessment Results 066
2.3Power Bases Development 078
2.3.1Development Status 078
2.3.2Layout of Bases 079
2.3.3Overview of Bases 080
2.3.4Study on Site Selection of Bases 087
Solar Energy Resources Assessment and Development 097
3.1Methods and Data 098
3.1.1Resource Assessment Method 098
3.1.2Macro Site Selection Method 100
3.1.3Basic Data and Parameters 100
3.2Resource Assessment 107
3.2.1Distribution of Global Horizontal Irradiance 107
3.2.2Land Covers 109
3.2.3Distribution of Terrains 109
3.2.4Assessment Results 113
3.3Photovoltaic Development 122
3.3.1Development Status 122
3.3.2Distributed Photovoltaic Development 123
3.3.3Study on Site Selection of Bases 123
Outbound Transmission of Large-scale Renewable Energy Bases 129
4.1Forecast of Electricity Demand 130
4.2Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Energy Utilization for Clean Electricity 135
4.3Wind Power Bases in the North Sea 139
4.3.1Power Delivery Direction 139
4.3.2Power Transmission Mode 140
4.4Wind Power Bases in the Baltic Sea 141
4.4.1Power Delivery Direction 141
4.4.2Power Transmission Mode 142
4.5Wind Power Bases in Norwegian Sea Area 144
4.5.1Power Delivery Direction 144
4.5.2Power Transmission Mode 144
4.6Wind Power Bases in Greenland 146
4.6.1Power Delivery Direction 146
4.6.2Power Transmission Mode 146
4.7Wind Power Bases in the Barents Sea 147
4.7.1Power Delivery Direction 147
4.7.2Power Transmission Mode 148
Policy Environment and Investment and Financing Suggestions 149
5.1Overview of Investment and Financing Policies of European Countries 150
5.2Policy Environment for Major European Countries 152
5.2.1The UK 152
5.2.2Germany 155
5.2.3The Netherlands 157
5.2.4Denmark 160
5.2.5Norway 163
5.2.6Iceland 165
5.2.7France 167
5.2.8Spain 170
5.2.9Italy 173
5.2.10Greece 176
5.3Investment and Financing Proposal 179
5.3.1Participating in the development, investment and operation of European clean energy projects in various forms such as cross-border
mergers and acquisitions and equity transactions 179
5.3.2Actively Participate in Investment and Financing of PPP Projects 179
5.3.3Financing through European Green Financial Market 179
5.4Summary 180
EPILOGUE 181
LISTOF FIGURES
Figure 1-1Technical Roadmap for Assessment of Hydropower Generation Capacity 003
Figure 1-2Technical Roadmap for Digital Macro Site Selection 004
Figure 1-3Digital Macro Site Selection Process for Hydropower Bases 005
Figure 1-4Distribution of Major Rivers in Europe 010
Figure 1-5Distribution of Major Hydrological Stations in Europe 011
Box 1-1 Figure 1Distribution of Global Annual Runoff Depths 012
Box 1-1 Figure 2Discharge Data of Volgo Grad Hydrological Station of Volga River 013
Figure 1-6Distribution of Cultivated Lands and Urban Areas in Europe 015
Figure 1-7Distribution of Major Geological Faults and Historical Seismic Activity Frequency in
Europe 017
Figure 1-8Distribution of Major Rock Types in Europe 018
Figure 1-9Distribution of 13 Major River Basins in Europe 022
Figure 1-10Distribution of Theoretical Potential of Main Rivers in Volga River Basin 023
Figure 1-11Distribution of Theoretical Potential of Main Rivers in Tagus River Basin 025
Figure 1-12Distribution of Theoretical Potential of Main Rivers in the Angerman River 027
Figure 1-13Distribution of Theoretical Potential of Main Rivers in the Wisla River 029
Figure 1-14Installed Capacities of Hydropower in Europe 040
Figure 2-1Assessment Process of Technical Potential Installed Capacity of Wind Power 043
Figure 2-2Assessment Process of Economic Potential Installed Capacity Based on LCOE 045
Figure2-3SchematicDiagramofGridIntegrationCostCompositionofWindPower Development 046
Figure 2-4Process Diagram of Macro Site Selection for Wind Farm 047
Box 2-1 Figure 1Scenario of Centralized Wind Power Development 049
Box 2-1 Figure 2Scenario of Distributed Wind Power Development 050
Figure 2-5Distribution of Wind Speeds in Europe 056
Figure 2-6Distribution of Forest, Cultivated Lands, Wetland Water Bodies, Urban Areas and
Ice and Snow in Europe 057
Figure 2-7Distribution of Main Conservation Areas in Europe 061
Figure 2-8Distribution of Roads in Europe 062
Figure 2-9Distribution of Railway in Europe 063
Figure 2-10Thermal Distribution of Power Grid Facilities in Europe 065
Figure 2-11Distribution of Wind Power Technical Available Areas in Europe and Their
Full-load Hours 068
Figure 2-12Distribution of Wind Power Development Costs in Europe 069
Box 2-5 Figure 1Distribution of Technical Potential Installed Capacity and Development Cost of
Wind Power in the UK 071
Box 2-6 Figure 1Distribution of Wind Speeds in the North Sea 072
Box 2-6 Figure 2Distribution of Conservation Areas and Water Depth in the North Sea 073
Figure 2-13Installed Capacity of Wind Power in Europe 079
Figure 2-14Layout of Large-scale Wind Power Bases in Europe 080
Figure 2-15Wind Speed Distribution in Angus Wind Power Base 087
Figure 2-16Site Selected for Angus Wind Power Base 088
Figure 2-17Stratum Distribution and Seismic History of Angus Wind Power Base 088
Figure 2-18Distribution of Annual Wind Power Generation and Thermal Distribution of
8760 Hourly Output Coefficient of Angus Wind Power Base 089
Figure 2-19Wind Direction Rose Map and Weibull Wind Speed Distribution Chart of Angus
Wind Power Base 090
Figure 2-20Daily and Annual Variation Curves of Typical Wind Speed and Wind Power Density of Angus Wind Power Base 090
Figure 2-21Typical Daily and Annual Output Curves of Angus Wind Power Base 090
Figure 2-22Wind Turbine Layouts in Some Areas of Angus Wind Power Base 091
Figure 2-23Distribution of Wind Speeds in Offshore Wind Power Base on the Coasts of
Eastern UK 092
Figure 2-24Site Selected for Offshore Wind Power Base on the Coasts of Eastern UK 093
Figure 2-25Schematic Diagram of Traffic and Grid Integration Conditions of Offshore Wind Power Base on the Coasts of Eastern UK 093
Figure 2-26 Distribution of Annual Power Generation and Thermal Distribution of 8760 Hourly Output Coefficient of Southern Wind Farm in Offshore Wind Power Base on the
Coasts of Eastern UK 094
Figure 2-27Wind Direction Rose Map and Weibull Wind Speed Distribution Chart of Offshore Wind Power Base on the Coasts of Eastern UK 095
Figure 2-28 Daily and Annual Variation Curves of Typical Wind Speed and Wind Power Density in Offshore Wind Power Base on the Coasts of Eastern UK 095
Figure 2-29Typical Daily and Annual Output Curves of Offshore Wind Power Base on the
Coasts of Eastern UK 095
Figure 2-30Wind Turbine Layouts in Some Areas of Southern Wind Farm in Offshore Wind
Power Base on the Coasts of Eastern UK 096
Figure 3-1 Assessment Process for Technical Potential Installed Capacity of Solar Photovoltaic Generation 099
Figure 3-2Macro Site Selection Process of Photovoltaic Power Farms 101
Box 3-1 Figure 1Centralized Plain Photovoltaic Power Station 103
Box 3-1 Figure 2Centralized Hilly Photovoltaic Power Station 103
Box 3-1 Figure 3Distributed Photovoltaic Development 104
Figure 3-3Distribution of Global Horizontal Irradiance of Solar Energy in Europe 108
Figure 3-4Distribution of Herbaceous Vegetation, Shrubs and Bare Surfaces in Europe 110
Figure 3-5Distribution of Altitudes in Europe 111
Figure 3-6Distribution of Terrain Slopes in Europe 112
Figure 3-7Distribution of Technical Available Areas for Photovoltaic Generation in Europe and
Their Full-load Hours 114
Figure 3-8Distribution of Development Costs for Photovoltaic Generation in Europe 116
Box 3-3 Figure 1 Distribution of Technical Potential Installed Capacity and Development Cost of Photovoltaic Generation in Spain 118
Figure 3-9Installed Capacity of Photovoltaic Generation in Europe 123
Figure 3-10Distribution of Solar GHI in Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 124
Figure 3-11Site Selected for Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 125
Figure 3-12Stratum Distribution and Seismic History of Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 125
Figure 3-13Distribution of Annual Power Generation and Thermal Distribution of 8760 Hourly
Output Coefficient of Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 126
Figure 3-14 Typical Daily and Annual Variation Curves of Irradiance and Temperature of Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 127
Figure 3-15Typical Daily and Annual Output Curves of Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 127
Figure 3-16Layout of Modules of Andalucia Photovoltaic Power Base 128
Figure 4-1Change Trend of Electricity Demand in the British Isles 131
Figure 4-2Change Trend of Electricity Demand in Northern Europe 131
Figure 4-3Change Trend of Electricity Demand in Western Europe 132
Figure 4-4Change Trend of Electricity Demand in Southern Europe 133
Figure 4-5Change Trend of Electricity Demand in Eastern Europe 133
Figure 4-6Change Trend of Electricity Demand in the Baltic Countries 134
Figure 4-7Change Trend of Electricity Demand in Russia and Its Neighbors 135
Box 4-1 Figure 1Schematic Diagram of Matching Hydrogen Production by Electricity with Renewable Energy Power Generation 137
Figure 4-8Schematic Diagram of Long-run Transmission Scheme for Wind Power Bases in the
North Sea 141
Figure 4-9Schematic Diagram of Long-run Transmission Scheme for Wind Power Bases in the
Baltic Sea 143
Figure 4-10 Schematic Diagram of Long-run Transmission Scheme for Wind Power Bases in the Norwegian Sea 145
Figure 4-11Schematic Diagram of Long-run Transmission Scheme for Wind Power Bases in Greenland 147
Figure 4-12 Schematic Diagram of Long-run Transmission Scheme for Wind Power Bases in the Barents Sea 148
Figure 5-1Overview of the UK’s Policy 152
Figure 5-2Overview of Germany’s Policy 155
Figure 5-3Overview of the Netherlands’s Policy 157
Figure 5-4Overview of Denmark’s Policy 160
Figure 5-5Overview of Norway’s Policy 163
Figure 5-6Overview of Iceland’s Policy 165
Figure 5-7Overview of France’s Policy 167
Figure 5-8Overview of Spain’s Policy 170
Figure 5-9Overview of Italy’s Policy 173
Figure 5-10Overview of Greece’s Policy 176
內容試閱：
Energy is an important foundation for economic and social development. Mankind uses energy, historically we have converted energy sources from firewood to fossil such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar energy, every change is accompanied by a huge leap in productivity and major progress in human civilization. Energy, as the driving force for the development of modern society, contributes to the nation’s economy and its citizens’ interactive dynamic, as well as to their welfare. The massive development and use of traditional fossil energy has led to increasingly prominent problems such as resource shortages, environmental pollution, and climate change, which seriously threaten human survival and sustainable development. In essence, the core of sustainable development is clean development. The key is to promote renewable energy, and replace fossil energy with renewable energy such as solar, wind, and hydropower.Scientific and accurate quantitative assessment of resources is the critical foundation for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. At present, the globally installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar power has exceeded 30% of the installed capacity of power sources. Although some achievements have been made in the development of renewable energy, there is still potential for it to expand. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct a fine assessment on resource reserves. On the basis of establishing and improving the global renewable energy resources database, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization GEIDCO has established an assessment system and digital fine assessment models for renewable energy resources. These models carry out systematic calculation and quantitative assessment of theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of hydro, wind and solar energies from a global perspective. An achievement of the Global Renewable-energy Exploitation ANalysis GREAN platform has been made, thereby the accuracy and timeliness of global renewable energy resources assessment will be effectively improved, subsequently providing an important support for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy in relevant countries and regions.Systematic and efficient macro site selection of power bases is an important prerequisite for large-scale development and utilization of renewable energy. The site selection of renewable energy power bases is related to the cost-effectiveness of power station development, which crucially contributes to economic development and the efficient utilization of renewable energy. There are many factors affecting the site selection of power bases, hence the site selection analyses and decision-making process are convoluted. The desk top study of site selection is often limited by the integrity and accuracy of data. Site selection must rely on site surveys, which requires a huge amount of manpower, financial resources and time. By taking into account factors such as global topography and terrain elevation, land covers, water systems, natural reserves, geology and historical seismic activity frequency, power supply and power grid, population and economy, GEIDCO has developed a set of basic database, models and tools for macro site selection for renewable energy power bases which significantly increase the breadth and depth of data collection and analysis processes, thereby, greatly improving the accuracy, economy and effectiveness of the desk top study of site selection, and achieving systematic achievements in promoting the development of global renewable energy resources. The data collected and analyzed by such models and tools are referred as “Reference Book” and “Data Manual” and used during the world’s energy strategy research and policy formulation.Focusing on the world’s resource assessment and base development of all continents, GEIDCO has prepared a series of scientific reports on renewable energy development and investment globally, specifically in continents such as Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Central and South America and Oceania. This report is one of the renewable energy research series focusing on Europe, which fully shows the achievements in the assessment of renewable energy resources and the site selection of large-scale power bases in Europe. In Chapters 1, 2 and 3, the resource assessment of hydroenergy, and the resource assessment and base development research of wind and solar energy in Europe were completed by digital methods. Firstly, the methods, models and data of resource assessment and site selection are introduced respectively. In terms of hydropower, the theoretical potential of hydroenergy resources in major river basins of Europe is calculated. In terms of wind and photovoltaic power, on the basis of comprehensive calculation and analysis of the main factors affecting centralized development, the theoretical potential, technical potential installed capacity and economic potential installed capacity of wind and solar energy in all countries and regions of Europe have been calculated. Using the GREAN platform, the site selection and layout of large-scale onshore wind power bases and large-scale solar photovoltaic power bases in Europe are proposed, and the assessment of development conditions, development scale and the calculation of technical and economic indicators are completed. In chapter 4, based on the development trend of energy and electricity supply and demand in Europe, the power transmission direction and mode of large-scale renewable energy bases are studied and analyzed by coordinating the regional, trans-regional and trans-continental power consumption markets. Chapter 5 reviews the energy policies and investment status of major countries in Europe, analyzes the typical investment modes of renewable energy development projects, conducts case studies in the development schemes of large-scale renewable bases in Europe, and proposes suggestions on policies and investment modes to speed up clean development in Europe.
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