The authors of this book are composed of two persons who have been working on carbon materials, published many research papers and recently published three books on carbon materials on their fundamentals, advances and characterizations M. Inagaki and F. Kang and two persons who have been working on graphene from the standpoints of physics K. Takai, and biochemical applications S. Tsujimura. The book is going to be written under the corporation of four authors by sharing the responsibilities on whole
目錄：
Contents
Preface .v
Acknowledgments .vii
Chapter 1： Introduction ..1
1.1 What is graphene? .. 1
1.2 Fundamentals of materials science for carbon materials . 5
1.2.1 Classi.cation of carbon materials 5
1.2.2 Structure and nanotexture of carbon materials .6
1.2.3 Carbonization and graphitization . 8
1.2.4 Carbon materials . 12
1.3 Construction and purposes of the current book ..29
References . 31
Chapter 2： Preparation of graphene 39
2.1 Chemical vapor deposition . 41
2.1.1 Synthesis of graphene .lms .. 41
2.1.2 Synthesis of graphene .akes 60
2.1.3 Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanohorns .65
2.1.4 Substitutional doping of heteroatoms .. 69
2.1.5 Graphene foams .. 80
2.2 Cleavage peeling .. 81
2.2.1 Mechanical cleavage .81
2.2.2 Cleavage in solution . 85
2.2.3 Cleavage via intercalation compounds 95
2.3 Exfoliation via graphene oxide .. 101
2.3.1 Synthesis of graphene oxide ..102
2.3.2 Exfoliation of graphene oxide .. 105
2.3.3 Reduction of graphene oxide . 107
2.3.4 Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide foams sponges ..123
2.3.5 Functionalization of reduced graphene oxide ..127
2.3.6 Substitutional doping of heteroatoms 133
2.3.7 Fabrication of transparent reduced graphene oxide .lms . 135
2.4 Other processes .. 138
2.4.1 Chemical synthesis .. 138
2.4.2 Synthesis via pyrolysis . 143
2.4.3 Unzipping of carbon nanotubes 147
2.5 Concluding remarks . 150
References .. 153
Chapter 3： Electrical properties and applications . 173
3.1 Fundamental electrical properties . 174
3.1.1 Electronic structure of graphene . 174
3.1.2 Effects of defects and edges ..181
3.2 Applications to information technology 189
3.2.1 Transistor devices . 189
3.2.2 Spintronics devices . 207
3.2.3 Transparent electrode .221
3.3 Applications to social .elds 226
3.3.1 Sensor devices 226
3.3.2 Photon detectors 233
3.3.3 Resistance standard .237
3.3.4 Electron .eld emission . 242
3.4 Concluding remarks . 244
References .. 244
Chapter 4： Chemical properties and applications .. 251
4.1 Fundamental chemical properties .252
4.1.1 Hydrogenation 253
4.1.2 Oxygenation 256
4.1.3 Layer modi.cation ..258
4.2 Applications to energy storage and conversion 259
4.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries .. 259
4.2.2 Electrochemical capacitors . 268
4.2.3 Lithium-ion capacitors ..278
4.2.4 Lithium-sulfur batteries 282
4.2.5 Solar cells photovoltaic cells . 292
4.2.6 Fuel cells .. 298
4.2.7 Hydrogen storage . 306
4.3 Applications to environment remediation 311
4.3.1 Adsorption of polluting molecules and ions .311
4.3.2 Sorption and recovery of oils 321
4.3.3 Capacitive deionization for water desalination 325
4.3.4 Catalysts 332
4.3.5 Chemical sensors .. 341
4.4 Concluding remarks . 352
References .. 354
Chapter 5： Mechanical properties and applications .. 373
5.1 Fundamental mechanical properties 374
5.2 Nanolubricants . 383
5.3 Mechanical sensors .. 387
5.4 Mechanical reinforcement 393
5.4.1 Reinforcement of plastics 393
5.4.2 Reinforcement of ceramics .395
5.4.3 Reinforcement of metals .. 400
5.5 Reduced graphene oxide .bers .. 404
5.6 Concluding remarks . 409
References .. 410
Chapter 6： Thermal properties and applications 415
6.1 Fundamental thermal properties 416
6.2 Thermal interface materials . 422
6.3 Nano.uids .. 429
6.4 Thermoelectric power . 432
6.5 Thermal energy storage . 436
6.6 Concluding remarks . 442
References .. 443
Chapter 7： Biomedical properties and applications .. 449
7.1 Biocompatibility .450
7.2 Cell management 454
7.2.1 Scaffolds for cell culturing . 454
7.2.2 Stem cell differentiation .. 458
7.2.3 Cell imaging 459
7.2.4 Antibacterial activity .. 460
7.3 Drug delivery systems . 464
7.4 Biosensors .. 469
7.5 Concluding remarks . 476
References .. 478
Chapter 8： Beyond graphene 485
8.1 Graphene derivatives 486
8.1.1 Graphane hydrogenated graphene 487
8.1.2 Fluorographene .uorinated graphene 495
8.1.3 Graphene oxide oxidized graphene 501
8.1.4 Graphyne and graphdiyne 514
8.2 Single-layer materials . 519
8.2.1 Honeycomb layers of group IV elements 519
8.2.2 Honeycomb layers of group IIIeV compounds . 524
8.2.3 Single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides . 531
8.3 Layer-by-layer composites 537
8.4 Concluding remarks . 544
References .. 546
Chapter 9： Summary and prospects ..561
9.1 Summary on graphene 561
9.2 Prospects .565
9.2.1 Importance of number of layers stacked .. 565
9.2.2 Two kinds of graphene materials . 570
9.2.3 Field effect and zero bandgap 572
9.2.4 Extremely high thermal conductivity .574
9.2.5 Basics for molecular sensing ..576
9.2.6 Basics for foreign atom doping .578
9.2.7 Importance of pep interaction . 580
9.2.8 Biomedical applications . 582
9.2.9 New composite materials .. 585
9.2.10 Extension to organic chemistry . 588
References .. 589
Index 593
內容試閱：
Preface
The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Profs. A. Geim and K. Novoselov of the University of Manchester for their groundbreaking experiments on graphene. The term graphene was proposed in 1986 in relation to the terminology used for graphite intercalation compounds. After the Nobel Prize, scienti.c and technological interest in graphene increased rapidly; as a consequence, a tremendous amount of literature declaring its research target to be graphene has been published. Unfortunately, this rapid growth in interest has caused serious confusion regarding the de.nition and terminology of graphene even in scienti.c journals.
Twoofthe current authors,M.Inagaki andF.Kang,have authoredthree booksina series, entitled Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon： Fundamentals, Advanced Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon,and Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon： Characterization. It was anticipated that these books would provide a comprehensive understanding of a wide range of carbon materials graphite, graphitized carbons, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, porous carbons, carbon .bers, etc., in addition to diamond, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenethrough the detailed explanation and discussion of their structures, nanotextures, and fundamental properties. However, the occurrence of misperceptions and the .ood-like increase in research papers on graphene-related graphene-like materials led these two authors to believe it was necessary to edit a book focusing on graphene-related materials, in addition to the three previously mentioned books, although graphene is a members of the carbon family. Therefore, they invited two authors, K.Takai and S. Tsujimura, who are specialists in the physical chemistry of graphene, and electrochemistry applications to biomedicals, respectively, to cover the widely spread applications of graphene in this book.
In this book, the authors attempted to provide summaries and reviews on graphene and its related materials by differentiating materials with a high perfection of structure graphene from those that are highly defective, even with various functional groups attached reduced graphene oxide. In addition, it is emphasized that the number of layers governs the properties of the .akes of graphene the characteristics of graphenewhich are quite different from those of graphite many layers stacked and possible to be obtained on the .ake of only a few highly-crystalline layers stacked.
Preface
To understand graphene and its related materials, a wide range of fundamental knowledge on various carbon materials is essential： that is, knowledge such as carbonization, graphitization, intercalation, and so on, in addition to basic knowledge about chemistry, physics, biology, and others.For the readers convenience, it is recommended to consult the three books mentioned previously, which are published by Tsinghua University Press and Elsevier. These books will supply fundamental knowledge about carbon materials and provide an understanding of a broad range of topics in the current book.
It will be truly pleasing to all of the authors if the content of this book delivers useful information to the readers and will lead readers to the correct understanding of graphene and related materials.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the people who kindly provided the data and .gures for this book. The names and af.liations of the contributing persons are mentioned in the captions of .gures. The authors also thank all of the people who took care of this book at Tsinghua University Press and also at Elsevier.
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