Contents
Chapter 1 Coming to Grips with Discourse Analysis 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Formalism and functionalism 2
1.1.2 Anything beyond the sentence 5
1.1.3 Discourse： language use 6
1.1.4 Discourse： utterances 7
1.2 Discourse analysis 7
1.2.1 Introduction 7
1.2.2 Discourse 8
1.2.3 Analysis 9
1.3 Terms issue 10
1.4 The significance of discourse analysis 11
1.4.1 Limitations of sentence grammar 11
1.4.2 Understanding the nature of language 12
1.4.3 Understanding discourse itself 12
1.4.4 Two levels of achievement in discourse analysis 12
1.4.5 Summary： some uses of discourse analysis 13
1.5 The scope of discourse analysis 15
1.6 Principles of discourse analysis 15
1.6.1 Introduction and classification 15
1.6.2 Principles of discourse analysis：language as social interaction 18
1.6.3 Text-linguistic perspectives on discourse 21
1.7 Approaches to discourse analysis 26
1.7.1 Mchoul 26
1.7.2 Schiffrin 27
1.8 Research methods in discourse analysis 33
1.8.1 Research design A sample 33
1.8.2 Nature of data 34
1.8.3 Sources of discourse data 34
1.9 Resources for doing discourse analysis 36
1.9.1 Online resources 36
1.9.2 Major journals publishing discourse research 36
Chapter 2 A Historical Overview of Discourse Analysis 37
2.1 Historical background 37
2.1.1 Plato ＆Aristotle 37
2.1.2 The ancient distinction between grammar grammatical and
rhetoric rhetorical 39
2.1.3 The emergence of historical and comparative linguistics at the
beginning of the 19th century 40
2.1.4 The birth of structural linguistics at the beginning of the 20th
century 42
2.2 The origins of modern discourse analysis 46
2.2.1 Europe 46
2.2.2 America 49
2.3 The emergence of discourse analysis as a new discipline 50
2.3.1 Sociolinguistics 50
2.3.2 Philosophy of language or pragmatics 51
2.3.3 Text grammar 52
2.3.4 Artificial intelligence 53
2.3.5 Sociology： American ethnomethodologists 54
2.4 The interdisciplinary study of discourse 55
2.5 The 1990s 55
2.5.1 Shift from structural to functional analysis 55
2.5.2 From descriptive to critical analysis 57
2.6 Discourse analysis： the state of the art 58
Chapter 3 Standards of Textuality 59
3.1 Texture, textuality, text-ness 59
3.2 Cohesion 61
3.2.1 Reusing patterns 62
3.2.2 Compacting patterns 64
3.2.3 Signalling Relations 65
3.3 Coherence 66
3.3.1 Concept 67
3.3.2 Relation 68
3.4 Intentionality 69
3.4.1 Speech act 70
3.4.2 The Cooperative Principle 71
3.4.3 Interactive problem-solving 72
3.5 Acceptability 73
3.6 Informativity 75
3.7 Situationality 76
3.8 Intertextuality 77
Chapter 4 Cohesion 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.1.1 Text and texture 81
4.1.2 Cohesion and cohesive tie 81
4.2 Reference 82
4.2.1 Phoricity 83
4.2.2 Types of reference 84
4.3 Substitution 88
4.3.1 Substitution and reference 88
4.3.2 Types of substitution 90
4.4 Ellipsis 91
4.4.1 Introduction 91
4.4.2 Types of ellipsis 92
4.5 Conjunction 94
4.5.1 Definition of conjunction 94
4.5.2 Types of conjunction 95
4.6 Lexical cohesion 97
4.6.1 Textual properties of lexical items 97
4.6.2 Types of lexical cohesion 98
4.7 Cohesive harmony 101
4.7.1 Cohesive ties 101
4.7.2 Cohesive chains 101
4.7.3 Chain interaction 103
4.7.4 Cohesive harmony 103
4.8 Structural cohesion 104
4.8.1 Theme-rheme development 104
4.8.2 Given-new organization 104
4.9 Phonological cohesion 105
4.9.1 Intonation contour served as cohesive device to signal information
left unsaid 105
4.9.2 Phonological cohesive in literary works 105
4.10 Summary of cohesive devices 106
Chapter 5 Coherence 107
5.1 Cohesion and Coherence 107
5.1.1 Definitions of cohesion and coherence 107
5.1.2 The role of cohesion with respect to coherence 108
5.2 Semantic perspectives 109
5.2.1 Local coherence 110
5.2.2 Global coherence 113
5.3 Pragmatics perspectives 116
5.3.1 Discourse as sequence of illocutionary acts 116
5.3.2 Rhetorical Structure TheoryRST 119
5.4 Cognitive perspectives 122
5.4.1 Coherence as a mental phenomenon 122
5.4.2 Schema theory and coherence 124
5.4.3 Procedural approach to coherence 125
5.4.4 Relevance theory 126
5.5 Informational Coherence 131
5.6 Summary： approaches to coherence 132
Chapter 6 Discourse Structure 134
6.1 Thematic structure and thematic progression 134
6.1.1 Function Sentence Perspective 134
6.1.2 Thematic structure 135
6.1.3 Types of the theme 137
6.1.4 Thematic progression staging, thematisation 138
6.1.5 General rules of the thematization process 140
6.1.6 Analysing the thematic progression of discourse 141
6.2 Information structure 142
6.2.1 Definition 142
6.2.2 Realization of information structure in discourse 143
6.2.3 Given-new strategy 145
6.2.4 Topicalization and left-dislocation 147
6.2.5 Topic continuity 148
6.3 Conversational discourse structure 150
6.3.1 Lesson 150
6.3.2 Move 152
6.3.3 Act 153
6.4 Sample analysis 155
6.5 Conversation analysis 156
6.5.1 Transition relevance place： the recognizable end of a turn-
construction unit 159
6.5.2 Turn-taking rules 160
6.5.3 Conversational structure 160
6.5.4 Superstructure of written discourse 166
6.5.5 Systemic-functional approach to discourse structure： Generic
Structure PotentialGSP 168
6.5.6 Story-Grammar approach to discourse structure 170
6.5.7 Textual pattern 172
6.5.8 Combination of approaches 175
Chapter 7 Critical Discourse Analysis 177
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Conceptual and theoretical frameworks 179
7.3 Principles of CDA 185
7.4 Research in CDA 187
7.4.1 Gender inequality 187
7.4.2 Media discourse 188
7.4.3 Political discourse 189
7.4.4 Ethnocentrism, anti-semitism, nationalism, and racism 189
7.4.5 From group domination to professional and institutional power 191
7.5 Methods of doing CDA 191
7.5.1 What to be analysed? 191
7.5.2 A three-dimensional method of discourse analysis 193
7.6 CDA： From theory to Practice 199
7.6.1 The grammar of transitivity 199
7.6.2 The grammar of modality 202
7.6.3 Transformations 205
7.6.4 Classification 207
7.6.5 Coherence, order and unity of discourse 208
References 210
內容試閱：
Preface
The discourse analysis which has been developing the most rapidly in recent years has been known as its multidisciplinary nature or interdisciplinary nature. The discourse analysis is a very broad research field which discourages many scholars as it involves many disciplines and complicated research methods; therefore, it is very necessary to make some basic combing of the theoretical background and development status of the discourse analysis.
Schiffrin 1994 thought that discourse was the broadest and the least defined concept, which mainly derived from the diversity of its use and different disciplinary background. In this book, we translate discourse studies as语篇研究for the convenience of expression. Whatever the term discourse is, we can affirm that it is about the language, meaning and context. Different discourse research methods may be different in the focus, target and research method, but all the discourse analysis emphasizes the actual linguistic data.
As a discipline, discourse analysis originated from the 1950s to the 1960s, developed in the 1970s and matured from the 1980s to the 1990s. The development of the discourse analysis has entered an unprecedented heyday in the 21st century. The discourse analysis has been more flexible and free whether in the scale of the linguistic data or the analysis method, and the assistance of the corpus has made the discourse analysis get rid of shackles of the traditional qualitative analysis; meanwhile, the discourse turn beginning in the 1950s has made some scholars start to abandon the language, pay attention to the realistic discourse and explore the actual use of the language and its impact on the social life. The birth of the systemic-functional grammar thoroughly overturned the preference of the structuralism for the form. It emphasized that the form of the language was determined by the function of the language, so the language research should focus on the semantics Huang Guowen 2016.
It has been more than 60 years since the term discourse analysis was put forward for the first time. The discourse analysis covers a wide range of fields, and more beginners can only focus on the research on a certain field of the discourse analysis and can see the part other than the whole. There have been a lot of monographs, essays and manuals about the discourse analysis in recent years but the beginners have still not known what to do.
As a teacher and scientific researcher of the linguistics and the discourse analysis, I have been somewhat frustrated by the teaching materials of such epochal character about the discourse analysis that I have contacted, and it is very difficult for the students to understand such professional teaching materials. The idea of writing this book derives from my experience in teaching the discourse analysis to the graduate students majoring in English at Heilongjiang University as well as the need of acting as a Chinese foreign language researcher. The concepts and language that I use in this book are simplified as much as possible to reduce the obstacles encountered by the learners in the process of learning the discourse analysis.Discourse Studies is mainly divided into seven chapters. the first chapter concerns the general situation of discourse studies and the second chapter interprets the historical review of the discourse studies; chapter three, chapter four, chapter five and chapter six expound respectively the textual standards, discourse cohesion, discourse coherence and discourse structure are expounded; chapter seven is critical discourse analysis.
This book is aimed at the detailed and in-depth research on the discourse research field, and it is a guide book of the discourse analysis and also a work introducing the core content of the discourse analysis. This book mainly applies to the learners and researchers of the discourse analysis.
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