总论 第1章 松花江流域概况 ／ 2 1.1 自然环境特征2 1.2 土地利用特征12 1.3 社会经济特征13 第2章 流域水生态功能分区内涵与体系 ／ 16 2.1 流域水生态功能分区的内涵16 2.2 流域水生态功能分区体系和方法19 第3章 松花江流域水生态功能分区理论基础 ／ 24 3.1 一级、二级分区理论基础24 3.2 三级分区理论基础26 3.3 四级分区理论基础27 第4章 松花江流域水生态功能分区编码与命名 ／ 30 4.1 分区编码30 4.2 分区命名31 第5章 松花江流域水生态功能分区方案 ／ 33 5.1 松花江流域水生态功能一级分区方案33 5.2 松花江流域水生态功能二级分区方案34 5.3 松花江流域水生态功能三级分区方案36 5.4 松花江流域水生态功能四级分区方案38 分论 第6章 松花江流域水生态功能一级分区单元说明 ／ 50 6.1 一级分区1（RAⅠ）大兴安岭山地平水类型水生态区50 6.2 一级分区2（RAⅡ）松嫩平原平原少水类型水生态区56 6.3 一级分区3（RAⅢ）二松及松花江干流丘陵丰水类型水生态区62 6.4 一级分区4（RAⅣ）长白山山地多水类型水生态区68 6.5 一级分区5（RAⅤ）三江平原平原平水类型水生态区74 第7章 松花江流域水生态功能二级分区单元说明 ／ 80 7.1 二级分区1（RAⅠ1）大兴安岭东北部山地森林类型水生态亚区80 7.2 二级分区2（RAⅠ2）大兴安岭西北部山地森林类型水生态亚区85 7.3 二级分区3（RAⅠ3）嫩江右岸山地森林类型水生态亚区90 7.4 二级分区4（RAⅠ4）嫩江右岸丘陵草原类型水生态亚区95 7.5 二级分区5（RAⅡ1）松嫩平原东部农业植被类型水生态亚区100 7.6 二级分区6（RAⅡ2）松嫩平原中部草甸沼泽类型水生态亚区106 7.7 二级分区7（RAⅡ3）松嫩平原西部草甸沼泽类型水生态亚区112 7.8 二级分区8（RAⅢ1）小兴安岭山地丘陵农业类型水生态亚区117 7.9 二级分区9（RAⅢ2）松花江中游丘陵过渡带农业类型水生态亚区123 7.10 二级分区10（RAⅢ3）二松中游丘陵农业类型水生态亚区128 7.11 二级分区11（RAⅢ4）牡丹江中下游山地农业类型水生态亚区133 7.12 二级分区12（RAⅣ1）长白山山地森林类型水生态亚区138 7.13 二级分区13（RAⅣ2）牡丹江上游山地森林类型水生态亚区144 7.14 二级分区14（RAⅤ1）三江平原平原农业类型水生态亚区149 7.15 二级分区15（RAⅤ2）倭肯河丘陵平原农业类型水生态亚区155 第8章 松花江流域水生态功能三级、四级分区单元说明 ／ 161 8.1 三级分区1（RAⅠ1-1）大兴安岭嫩江上游丘陵林地河流类型生境维持功能区161 8.2 三级分区2（RAⅠ1-2）大兴安岭嫩江中游丘陵农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区172 8.3 三级分区3（RAⅠ2-1）大兴安岭嫩江源头丘陵林地河流类型水源涵养功能区181 8.4 三级分区4（RAⅠ2-2）大兴安岭甘河源头山地林地河流类型生境维持功能区187 8.5 三级分区5（RAⅠ2-3）大兴安岭郭思河丘陵城镇林地河流类型生境维持和城市支撑功能区196 8.6 三级分区6（RAⅠ3-1）嫩江右岸诺敏河上游山地林地河流类型生境维持和水源涵养功能区206 8.7 三级分区7（RAⅠ3-2）嫩江右岸绰尔河上游山地林地河流类型水源涵养功能区220 8.8 三级分区8（RAⅠ3-3）嫩江右岸洮儿河上游山地林地河流类型生境维持功能区226 8.9 三级分区9（RAⅠ4-1）嫩江右岸雅鲁河中游丘陵农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区236 8.10 三级分区10（RAⅠ4-2）嫩江右岸洮儿河中游丘陵草地农田河流类型生境维持和农业生产维持功能区245 8.11 三级分区11（RAⅠ4-3）嫩江右岸霍林河上游山地草地河流类型水资源支持功能区255 8.12 三级分区12（RAⅡ1-1）嫩江左岸讷谟尔河丘陵城镇农田河流类型城市支撑功能区265 8.13 三级分区13（RAⅡ1-2）嫩江左岸乌裕尔河丘陵城镇农田河流类型农业生产维持和城市支撑功能区274 8.14 三级分区14（RAⅡ1-3）松嫩平原东部呼兰河平原农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区286 8.15 三级分区15（RAⅡ2-1）松嫩平原中部嫩江下游平原农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区292 8.16 三级分区16（RAⅡ2-2）松嫩平原中部松花江上游平原城镇农田河流类型农业生产维持和城市支撑功能区301 8.17 三级分区17（RAⅡ3-1）松嫩平原西部洮儿河下游平原城镇农田河流类型城市支撑功能区310 8.18 三级分区18（RAⅡ3-2）松嫩平原西部二松下游平原农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区323 8.19 三级分区19（RAⅢ1-1）小兴安岭汤旺河上游丘陵林地河流类型水源涵养功能区329 8.20 三级分区20（RAⅢ1-2）小兴安岭呼兰河上游丘陵城镇林地河流类型生境维持和城市支撑功能区342 8.21 三级分区21（RAⅢ1-3）小兴安岭汤旺河下游丘陵林地河流类型水资源支持功能区348 8.22 三级分区22（RAⅢ2-1）松花江中游蚂蚁河下游丘陵城镇林地河流类型生境维持和城市支撑功能区361 8.23 三级分区23（RAⅢ2-2）松花江中游阿什河丘陵城镇农田河流类型农业生产维持和城市支撑功能区370 8.24 三级分区24（RAⅢ2-3）松花江中游拉林河丘陵农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区376 8.25 三级分区25（RAⅢ3-1）二松中游伊通河上游丘陵农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区385 8.26 三级分区26（RAⅢ3-2）二松中游伊通河下游平原农田河流类型农业生产维持和水资源支持功能区397 8.27 三级分区27（RAⅢ4-1）牡丹江中下游丘陵林地河流类型水资源支持功能区403 8.28 三级分区28（RAⅢ4-2）牡丹江中游山地林地河流类型水源涵养功能区411 8.29 三级分区29（RAⅣ1-1）长白山二道江山地林地河流类型水源涵养功能区420 8.30 三级分区30（RAⅣ1-2）长白山头道江山地林地河流类型水资源支持功能区428 8.31 三级分区31（RAⅣ1-3）二松流域辉发河丘陵城镇林地河流类型水资源支持和城市支撑功能区436 8.32 三级分区32（RAⅣ2-1）牡丹江上游山地林地河流类型水资源支持和水源涵养功能区446 8.33 三级分区33（RAⅣ2-2）长白山镜泊湖山地林地河流类型生境维持和水源涵养功能区455 8.34 三级分区34（RAⅣ2-3）二松流域蛟河丘陵林地河流类型水资源支持和水源涵养功能区468 8.35 三级分区35（RAⅤ1-1）三江平原松花江下游平原农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区474 8.36 三级分区36（RAⅤ1-2）松花江佳木斯段平原城镇农田河流类型农业生产维持和城市支撑功能区483 8.37 三级分区37（RAⅤ2-1）倭肯河上游丘陵林地河流类型生境维持功能区495 8.38 三级分区38（RAⅤ2-2）倭肯河中下游平原农田河流类型农业生产维持功能区504 第9章 松花江流域河段水生态系统类型说明 ／ 512 9.1 河流类型1（编码：01；名称：弯曲急流林地岸带河流类型）513 9.2 河流类型2（编码：02；名称：弯曲急流草地岸带河流类型）518 9.3 河流类型3（编码：03；名称：弯曲缓流林地岸带河流类型）523 9.4 河流类型4（编码：04；名称：弯曲缓流草地岸带河流类型）528 9.5 河流类型5（编码：05；名称：弯曲缓流农田岸带河流类型）533 9.6 河流类型6（编码：06；名称：顺直急流林地岸带河流类型）538 9.7 河流类型7（编码：07；名称：顺直急流草地岸带河流类型）543 9.8 河流类型8（编码：08；名称：顺直缓流林地岸带河流类型）547 9.9 河流类型9（编码：09；名称：顺直缓流草地岸带河流类型）552 9.10 河流类型10（编码：10；名称：顺直缓流农田岸带河流类型）557 9.11 河流类型11（编码：11；名称：缓流城镇岸带河流类型）562 9.12 河流类型12（编码：12；名称：缓流湖库河流类型）567 9.13 河流类型13（编码：13；名称：缓流盐沼河流类型）572 9.14 河流类型14（编码：14；名称：缓流淡水沼泽河流类型）577 参考文献 ／ 583 General Part 1 General description of Songhua River Basin ／ 2 1.1 Characteristics of natural environment2 1.2 Characteristics of land use12 1.3 Characteristics of social economy13 2 Connotation system of river basin aqua-ecologic functional zoning ／ 16 2.1 Connotation of basin aqua-ecologic functional zoning16 2.2 System and method of basin aqua-ecologic functional zoning19 3 Theoretical basis of aqua-ecologic functional zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 24 3.1 Theoretical basis of first-stage and second-stage zoning24 3.2 Theoretical basis of third-stage zoning26 3.3 Theoretical basis of fourth-stage zoning27 4 Coding and naming of aqua-ecologic functional zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 30 4.1 Zones coding 30 4.2 Zones naming 31 5 Zoning principle of aqua-ecologic functional zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 33 5.1 Zoning principle of aqua-ecologic function first-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin33 5.2 Zoning principle of aqua-ecologic function second-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin34 5.3 Zoning principle of aqua-ecologic function third-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin36 5.4 Zoning principle of aqua-ecologic function fourth-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin38 Special Part 6 Description of aqua-ecologic function first-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 50 6.1 RAⅠ Greater Khingan Range mountain flat-water aqua-ecological zone50 6.2 RAⅡ Plain of Songnen Plain less water type aqua-ecological area56 6.3 RAⅢ Second Songhua River and trunk stream of Songhua River hills and abundant water type aqua-ecological area62 6.4 RAⅣ Changbai Mountains Mountain water type aqua-ecological area68 6.5 RAⅤ Sanjiang plain water type aqua-ecological area74 7 Description of aqua-ecologic function second-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 80 7.1 RAⅠ1 Montane forest types in Northeastern Greater Khingan Range aqua-ecological sub region80 7.2 RAⅠ2 Montane forest types in Northwestern Greater Khingan Range aqua-ecological sub region85 7.3 RAⅠ3 Mountain forest types in Nenjiang River right bank aqua-ecological sub region90 7.4 RAⅠ4 Hilly grassland types in Nenjiang River right bank aqua-ecological sub region95 7.5 RAⅡ1 Vegetation type in Songnen Plain of Eastern agriculturek aqua-ecological sub region100 7.6 RAⅡ2 Central Songnen Plain meadow swamp type aqua-ecological sub region106 7.7 RAⅡ3 Western Songnen Plain meadow swamp type aqua-ecological sub region112 7.8 RAⅢ1 Agricultural type of hilly and mountainous area in Minor Khingan Mountains aquaecological sub region117 7.9 RAⅢ2 Agricultural type of transitional zone in the middle reaches of Songhua River aquaecological sub region123 7.10 RAⅢ3 Second Songhua River Middle reaches of the hilly agricultural types aqua-ecological sub region128 7.11 RAⅢ4 Middle and lower mountain agricultural types in Mudanjiang aqua-ecological sub region133 7.12 RAⅣ1 Mountain forest types in Changbai Mountain aqua-ecological sub region138 7.13 RAⅣ2 Montane forest types in the upper reaches of Mudanjiang aqua-ecological sub region144 7.14 RAⅤ1 Sanjiang Plain Agricultural type aqua-ecological sub region149 7.15 RAⅤ2 Woken River hilly agricultural plain type aqua-ecological sub region155 8 Description of aqua-ecologic function third-stage zoning in Songhua River Basin ／ 161 8.1 RAⅠ1-1 Upper reaches of Greater Khingan Range River in Nenjiang hilly land forest type habitat maintenance function area161 8.2 RAⅠ1-2 Nenjiang middle reaches of Greater Khingan Range hilly farmland farmland type agricultural production maintenance function area172 8.3 RAⅠ2-1 Source water conservation of woodland and river type in the source hills of Greater Khingan Range Nenjiang function area181 8.4 RAⅠ2-2 Greater Khingan Range Gan river habitat type source mountain woodland maintain functional area187 8.5 RAⅠ2-3 Greater Khingan Range Guo River Forest Hills town Marne habitats maintain and support city function area196 8.6 RAⅠ3-1 Right bank of Nenjiang river Nuomin mountain woodland habitats and maintain water conservation function area206 8.7 RAⅠ3-2 Water conservation of Nenjiang Right Bank of Chaoer River mountain forest river type function area220 8.8 RAⅠ3-3 Right bank of Nenjiang Taoerhe River upstream mountain woodland habitats maintain functional area226 8.9 RAⅠ4-1 Nenjiang Ya Lu River bank type hilly farmland River agricultural production to maintain functional area236 8.10 RAⅠ4-2 Right bank of Nenjiang Taoerhe River hilly grassland farmland river habitats maintain agricultural production and maintenance function area245 8.11 RAⅠ4-3 Right bank of Nenjiang River upstream of Huolinhe mountain grassland types of water resources support function area255 8.12 RAⅡ1-1 Left bank of Nenjiang nemor River hilly farmland types of urban river city support function area265 8.13 RAⅡ1-2 Left bank of Nenjiang Wuyuer River Hills town farmland river type agricultural production to maintain and support the city function area274 8.14 RAⅡ1-3 Songnen Plain Farmland Hulan River plain rivers in the eastern part of agricultural production to maintain functional area286 8.15 RAⅡ2-1 Central Songnen Plain Farmland in Nenjiang plain in the lower reaches of the river type agricultural production to maintain functional area292 8.16 RAⅡ2-2 Upper reaches of the Songhua River plain urban central Songnen Plain Farmland river types of agricultural production and maintain city supporting function area301 8.17 RAⅡ3-1 Western plain of Songnen Plain downstream Taoerhe river type city town farmland supporting function area310 8.18 RAⅡ3-2 Western Songnen Plain and downstream of Second Songhua River plain farmland river type agricultural production maintenance function area323 8.19 RAⅢ1-1 Water conservation function in small Xingan Mountain hilly woodland Tangwang River river type function area329 8.20 RAⅢ1-2 Small Xingan Hulan River upstream hilly woodland type ridge town river habitat to maintain and support city function area342 8.21 RAⅢ1-3 Xiao Xingan Ling Tangwang River types water downstream hilly forests support functional area348 8.22 RAⅢ2-1 Songhua River River in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the town of hilly forest land type habitat maintenance and urban support functional area361 8.23 RAⅢ2-2 Ashe river hill town in the middle reaches of Songhua River river type of agricultural production maintenance and urban support function area370 8.24 RAⅢ2-3 Middle reaches of Songhua River River Valley in the hilly area of agricultural production and maintenance of functional area 376 8.25 RAⅢ3-1 Middle reaches of Second Songhua River Yitong River hilly farmland river types of agricultural production to maintain functional area385 8.26 RAⅢ3-2 Middle reaches of Second Songhua River plain farmland downstream of Yitong River types of agricultural production and maintain water resources support function area397 8.27 RAⅢ4-1 Middle and lower reaches of Mudanjiang hilly land forest river type water resources support function area403 8.28 RAⅢ4-2 Middle reaches of Mudanjiang River in the mountainous area forest land type water conservation function area411 8.29 RAⅣ1-1 Changbai Mountain second river land type of forest land water conservation function area420 8.30 RAⅣ1-2 Changbai Mountain first river Jiangshan woodland river type water resources support function area428 8.31 RAⅣ1-3 Huifahe river of Second Songhua River type river water resources support Woodland Hills town and city support function area436 8.32 RAⅣ2-1 Water resources support and water conservation of forest land types in the upper reaches of Mudanjiang function area446 8.33 RAⅣ2-2 Habitat type and water conservation of forest land in Changbai Mountain Jingpo Lake function area 455 8.34 RAⅣ2-3 Water resources support and water conservation function area of upland forest in Jiaohe of Second Songhua River function area468 8.35 RAⅤ1-1 Sanjiang plain Songhua River lower reaches plain farmland river type agricultural production maintenance function area474 8.36 RAⅤ1-2 Agricultural production maintenance and urban support of plain farmland in Jiamusi section of Songhua River function area483 8.37 RAⅤ2-1 Upper reaches of Woken River hilly forest river habitats maintain functional area495 8.38 RAⅤ2-2 Middle and lower reaches of Woken River plain farmland river type agricultural production maintenance function area504 9 Description of river reach aqua-ecosystem types in Songhua River Basin ／ 512 9.1 River basic type 1 Bend rapid woodland river type513 9.2 River basic type 2 Bend rapid grassland river type518 9.3 River basic type 3 Bend slow woodland river type523 9.4 River basic type 4 Bend slow grassland river type528 9.5 River basic type 5 Bend slow farmland river type533 9.6 River basic type 6 Straight rapid woodland river type538 9.7 River basic type 7 Straight rapid grassland river type543 9.8 River basic type 8 Straight slow woodland river type547 9.9 River basic type 9 Straight slow grassland river type 552 9.10 River basic type 10 Straight slow farmland river type557 9.11 River basic type 11 Slow town river type562 9.12 River basic type 12 Slow lake and reservoir type567 9.13 River basic type 13 Slow salt marsh river type572 9.14 River basic type 14 Slow freshwater marsh river type577 References ／ 583
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前 言 以流域为单元进行水资源管理并实现水资源的可持续发展是流域管理的前提。随着流域内资源和环境的数量、结构的变化，流域水生态系统的结构和功能也在不断变化中，开展流域水生态功能分区就可以更好地认识流域内的水生态特征和变化规律，明确水生态功能类型及其重要性，从而实现对水资源的高效利用和对水生态系统的保护。 松花江流域作为我国七大流域之一，是东北老工业基地生存、振兴和发展的命脉，同时也是中俄界河黑龙江的主要支流，其水环境安全具有重要的战略意义。松花江流域属于典型温带、寒温带流域，大兴安岭北部的寒温带针叶林、小兴安岭和长白山地的温带针阔叶混交林，加上中西部的松嫩平原和东部的三江平原的草甸草原和湿地沼泽，形成了独特的大森林、大草原、大湿地的植被景观，也是我国主要的林业、畜牧业和现代农业生产基地，具有独特的水生态特征和复杂性。与其他江河相比，松花江流域污染程度相对较轻并带有明显的区域特征。但随着城镇化、工业化和农村现代化的快速发展，流域生态环境问题的压力越来越大，形势也越来越严峻。开展松花江流域水生态功能分区，可以深入研究松花江流域水生态环境特征和水生态管理技术，实现对松花江全流域的水环境统一有效保护和管理，促进松花江流域水生态系统向良性方向发展，具有重要的现实应用意义。 本书共分为9章。总论部分包括5章，系统介绍松花江流域水生态功能分区总体框架。第1章介绍了松花江流域水生态系统形成的自然环境、土地利用特征和社会经济特征，并总结其分异规律；第2章介绍了流域水生态功能分区的概念、基本特征以及与已有功能区划的差异，并在此基础上提出四级分区体系、分区原则、分区程序和分区技术方法；第3章系统介绍了松花江流域一级、二级、三级和四级水生态功能分区的依据、目的和原则；第4章介绍了松花江流域水生态功能四级分区采用的编码和命名方式；第5章介绍了松花江流域水生态功能一级、二级、三级和四级分区技术方案。分论部分包括4章，详细介绍松花江流域水生态功能每一级分区单元的位置与分布、河流生态系统特征、区内流域陆地特征及其水生态保护目标。第6章介绍了松花江流域水生态功能一级分区单元具体说明；第7章介绍了松花江流域水生态功能二级分区单元具体说明；第8章介绍了松花江流域水生态功能三级、四级分区单元具体说明；第9章介绍了松花江流域河段水生态系统类型说明。 本书具体编写分工如下。第1章松花江流域概况由周启星、于宏兵、郑力燕、陈明辉、孙大光、康春丽、于力、王霞、李凤祥、王得蓉编写；第2章流域水生态功能分区内涵与体系由郑力燕、于宏兵、周启星、于增知编写；第3章松花江流域水生态功能分区理论基础由于宏兵、郑力燕、Linus Zhang、曹红强、于晗编写；第4章松花江流域水生态功能分区编码与命名由郑力燕、于宏兵、于增知、王胜强、李勇、门幸、齐兆宇、李景新编写；第5章松花江流域水生态功能分区方案由郑力燕、于宏兵、周启星、田子夫、袁杰、赵峰、张辉、赵文阁、孙小银、赵宴斌编写；第6章松花江流域水生态功能一级分区单元说明由郑力燕、于宏兵、周启星、孙小银、李凤祥编写；第7章松花江流域水生态功能二级分区单元说明由郑力燕、于宏兵、周启星、于增知、孙小银编写；第8章松花江流域水生态功能三级、四级分区单元说明由郑力燕、于宏兵、于增知、Linus Zhang、于晗、王世岩编写；第9章松花江流域河段水生态系统类型说明由郑力燕、于宏兵、于增知、Linus Zhang、曹红强、于晗编写。 本书在国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项“松花江流域水生态功能一级二级分区研究”课题（2008ZX07526-002-01）和“松花江流域水生态三级四级功能分区研究”课题（2012ZX07501002-01）的研究基础上编写而成，为了便于读者使用，以便起到工具书作用，作者着力于理论与实际应用相结合，对分区技术与方法进行详细说明。本书历时十年完成，在编写的过程中得到了江源教授、张远研究员等专家学者的悉心指导和热情支持，在此表示衷心的感谢。 于宏兵 2019年8月 Foreword River basin based water resources management, and further, the achievement of sustainable development in water resources management are premise for successful river basin management. The structures and the functions of aqua-ecologic system within a river basin vary constantly in line with changing environmental and structural patterns of the basin. Through aqua-ecological zoning system will let us gain better understanding of aqua-ecology status and its evolution mechanism, and further, achieve efficient utilization of water resources and at same t
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