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| 內容簡介： |
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本书共分三篇十八章。*篇为振动基础分析，主要包括旋转机械振动基础理论、转子系统横向振动分析、转子系统扭转振动分析、转子和轴系现场动平衡理论；第二篇为振动检测和诊断技术，主要包括转子横向振动的测量与分析、转子扭转振动的测量与分析、振动故障诊断技术及治理技术；第三篇为典型振动故障诊断及治理，主要包括质量不平衡的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、弯曲转子振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、转子不对中故障诊断和处理实例分析、动静碰磨引起的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、转子横向裂纹引起的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、固定结构振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、轴承座轴向振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、轴系振动稳定性故障诊断和处理实例分析、流体诱发的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析、机网耦合作用下转轴扭振故障诊断和处理实例分析、振动测量系统故障诊断和处理实例分析。本书结合100多例各种容量汽轮发电机及其辅机设备的现场振动故障和处理实例，进行详细讲解，力求使读者更容易理解和掌握旋转机械振动理论和现场振动故障诊断、治理方法。本书紧密联系电力生产实际，具有较高的应用价值。
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| 關於作者： |
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本书由西安热工研究院牵头组织编写，主编张学延为汽轮机部主任，电力行业汽轮机标委会主任，在国内汽轮机振动领域享有盛名，具有丰富的理论和实践经验。
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| 目錄：
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第一篇 振动基础分析第一章 旋转机械振动基础理论···························································································2第一节 振动概述··································································································2第二节 振动基本概念···························································································4第三节 振动的合成和谐波分析···········································································9第四节 振动系统的模型和基本物理参数·························································11第五节 振动的分类····························································································13第六节 转子的挠曲和进动·················································································16第七节 转子运动的稳定性·················································································18第二章 转子系统横向振动分析·························································································21第一节 单自由度系统的振动分析·····································································21第二节 简单转子系统的振动分析·····································································29第三节 转子的振动模态·····················································································35第四节 滑动轴承油膜力及其对转子运动稳定性的影响··································40第五节 汽轮机汽流激振力及其对转子运动稳定性的影响······························47第六节 汽轮发电机组轴系横向振动特性计算··················································56第三章 转子系统扭转振动分析·························································································67第一节 扭转振动的基本原理及物理参数·························································67第二节 简单系统扭转振动分析·········································································70第三节 汽轮发电机组轴系扭转振动特性计算··················································75第四节 汽轮发电机组轴系扭转振动安全性分析··············································83第四章 转子和轴系现场动平衡理论·················································································89第一节 转子动平衡概念·····················································································89第二节 质量不平衡的类型·················································································92第三节 刚性转子的平衡·····················································································93第四节 挠性转子的平衡·····················································································95第五节 平衡台上的转子平衡·············································································98第六节 轴系的平衡··························································································102第七节 现场轴系高效动平衡的策略与技巧····················································104第二篇 振动监测和诊断技术第五章 转子横向振动的测量与分析···············································································110第一节 振动传感器和振动参量选择·······························································110第二节 振动信号分析·······················································································116第三节 振动数据的特征分析···········································································122第四节 振动状态监测·······················································································135第五节 振动评价标准·······················································································140第六节 振动保护设置·······················································································147第六章 转子扭转振动的测量与分析···············································································151第一节 扭振测量原理和方法···········································································151第二节 汽轮发电机组扭振试验·······································································153第三节 机组轴系扭振的评价···········································································157第四节 机组轴系扭振在线监测和保护···························································161第七章 振动故障诊断技术和治理方法···········································································168第一节 旋转机械各类典型故障的征兆和振动特征········································168第二节 影响机组振动特性的因素···································································177第三节 诊断相关的振动试验···········································································179第四节 常用的振动故障诊断技术···································································183第五节 振动故障人工诊断过程·······································································187第六节 振动故障诊断人员的基本要求···························································190第七节 机组振动故障汇总及处理方法···························································192第三篇 典型振动故障诊断及治理第八章 质量不平衡的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析····················································198第一节 质量不平衡的产生原因·······································································198第二节 质量不平衡引起的振动特征·······························································198第三节 质量不平衡振动故障的诊断和识别····················································200第四节 类似质量不平衡振动特征的其他故障区分········································201第五节 实例分析·······························································································202第九章 弯曲转子振动故障诊断和处理实例分析····························································233第一节 转子的弯曲···························································································233第二节 汽轮机转子的热弯曲···········································································236第三节 发电机转子的热弯曲···········································································239第四节 表面温差引起的轴颈热弯曲·······························································243第五节 汽轮机转子的渐变式弯曲···································································245第六节 实例分析······························································································246第十章 转子不对中故障诊断和处理实例分析·······························································271第一节 转子不对中的分类和产生原因···························································271第二节 不对中引起的振动特征·······································································273第三节 不对中故障的诊断和对策···································································274第四节 实例分析······························································································275第十一章 动静碰摩引起的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析············································288第一节 动静碰摩的种类···················································································288第二节 动静碰摩的原因分析···········································································289第三节 摩擦引起的振动现象、机理和特征····················································290第四节 机组常发生动静碰摩部位的分析·······················································292第五节 动静碰摩的识别和对策·······································································296第六节 实例分析······························································································299第十二章 转子横向裂纹引起的振动故障诊断和处理实例分析····································325第一节 转子不对称刚度引起的振动·······························································325第二节 转子裂纹的产生和发展过程及原因分析············································328第三节 横向裂纹转子的振动特性···································································331第四节 转子横向裂纹的检测和运行中裂纹故障的识别································334第五节 实例分析······························································································337第十三章 固定结构振动故障诊断和处理实例分析·······················································358第一节 影响固定结构振动的基本因素···························································358第二节 支撑轴承座的振动···············································································361第三节 发电机定子及端盖轴承振动·······························································363第四节 立式泵组的结构振动···········································································366第五节 配管系统、基础和空冷岛结构振动····················································369第六节 拍振······································································································372第七节 实例分析······························································································374第十四章 轴承座轴向振动故障诊断和处理实例分析····················································403第一节 转子轴向振动机理···············································································403第二节 轴承座轴向振动的原因分析·······························································405第三节 轴向振动的控制和消除·······································································407第四节 实例分析······························································································408第十五章 轴系振动稳定性故障诊断和处理实例分析····················································428第一节 轴系振动稳定性简述···········································································428第二节 轴承自激振动·······················································································429第三节 汽轮机汽流激振···················································································431第四节 实例分析·······························································································434第十六章 流体诱发的振动故障诊断和治理实例分析····················································456第一节 流体诱发的振动···················································································456第二节 汽蚀引起的振动···················································································458第三节 紊流引起的振动···················································································459第四节 旋转失速和喘振引起的振动·······························································461第五节阀门的振动·······························································································464第六节 实例分析·······························································································467第十七章 机网耦合作用下转轴扭振故障诊断和处理实例分析····································476第一节 电厂常见各种电气扰动下的扭矩分量················································476第二节 机电系统扰动类型及产生轴系扭振基本形式····································478第三节 预防和抑制机组轴系扭振的措施························································485第四节 大型变频调速风机的扭振故障及其抑制措施····································490第五节 实例分析·······························································································492第十八章 振动测量系统故障诊断和治理实例分析························································517第一节 振动测量系统的机械干扰···································································517第二节 振动测量系统的电气干扰···································································519第三节 测量系统的声学和其他干扰·······························································520第四节 振动测量系统的干扰识别和对策························································521第五节 实例分析·······························································································522参考文献······························································································································538
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汽轮发电机组及给水泵、风机等是化石燃料电厂中的核心设备。它能否安全、稳定、可靠地运行，不仅涉及设备本身的运行寿命、维护成本和经济性指标，而且关系到广大供电用户的日常生产和生活。汽轮发电机组等设备是高速旋转机械，运行中不可避免地会出现振动。当振动超过限值时，就会影响机组的稳定运行，对部件产生疲劳损伤，过大的振动有时还可能使机组发生灾难性的毁机事故。因此，振动作为衡量机组可靠性的主要安全性指标尤为重要，它是机组设计制造、安装检修和运行维护水平的综合反映。振动监测和控制是电厂安全、经济运行的基础。当汽轮发电机组及其辅机设备发生较大振动时，如何识别振动故障、查找振动原因、及时进行消振处理，并取得满意的效果，是电厂和振动专业技术人员一直关心的问题。为此，迫切需要掌握旋转机械振动故障诊断和治理技术。汽轮发电机组等旋转机械设备的振动故障诊断和治理技术是一门应用工程学科，涉及振动力学、转子动力学、振动测量、振动故障诊断和转子动平衡技术等诸多领域。20世纪80 年代以来，在国内外众多高等院校、科研机构、电力试验院所、专业化公司及广大电厂的共同努力下，该学科得到迅速发展，取得了长足的进步。应用振动故障诊断与治理技术，已成功解决了汽轮发电机组及其辅机设备运行中出现的绝大多数振动问题，在保证电厂安全稳定运行方面发挥了重要作用。然而，引起振动的原因很多，既有机械方面的因素，也有热和电方面的因素，甚至还有流体方面的因素。有些故障的振动特征比较类似，往往造成有些机组振动故障的识别相对困难，认识上容易产生争议，对个别振动故障的机理仍没有彻底搞清。事实上，直到当前，现场仍有一些机组“疑难”振动问题的诊断和处理花费了大量的时间和费用，有时还走弯路，这些其实都是对振动故障认识不够准确或采取的处理方法不妥造成的。随着当前大量大型高参数、大容量机组的在役运行，远距离输电采用交流串补、特高压直流输电等新型输电技术，风机、水泵节能使用的变频调速技术，以及适应电网灵活性调度需要的机组深度调峰等运行方式，使汽轮发电机组及其辅机设备频出一些以往相对少见的振动问题，如发电机转子线圈膨胀受阻、次同步谐振和次同步振荡、转子横向裂纹等故障，给振动故障诊断和治理工作带来新的挑战。因此，旋转机械设备振动故障诊断与治理技术仍需要在理论研究和工程实践中不断发展和完善。近些年来，发生的数起由于次同步谐振故障和变频器电流谐波故障在极短时间内引起汽轮发电机组大轴裂纹事故和风机组转轴断裂事故触目惊心，损失重大。因此，扭振问题应引起足够的重视。对多起转子裂纹故障的诊断过程发现，实际转子裂纹引起的振动特性与传统教科书描述的有一定差异，并没有出现典型的2 倍频振动等特征。当前在许多火电机组深度调峰运行的背景下，如何根据异常振动特征识别转子裂纹故障尤重要。过去十余年，已有数十台机组因内应力大等转轴材质缺陷引起汽轮机转子发生渐变式弯曲故障，造成机组不稳定振动和振动超限。在渐变式弯曲故障振动的识别和治理工作中的一些经验需要总结。变频改造后，立式泵组在某个（或数个）转速下的结构共振、发电机定子和端盖轴承振动，以及空冷岛风机和桥架等振动也是较常见的问题，对该类振动问题处理有时也很棘手。风机、水泵、压缩机等叶片流体机械在一些运行工况下出现流体诱发的振动问题，如汽蚀、紊流、旋转失速、喘振等，呈现出特殊的振动现象和频谱特征，这些辅机的振动问题一定程度上影响机组的出力和运行经济性。此外，联合循环机组同步自换挡离合器（SSS）不对中引起的振动、振动测量系统中声学干扰引起的测量误差等也是近些年来出现的问题，个别故障的识别和治理也走了不少弯路。上述振动问题在以往专业书籍中涉及的相对较少，有些振动机理或振动特征也未能清晰阐明，特别是针对实际转子现场案例分析较少。这些内容都是作者试图阐述和弥补的。本书主要为推广火电厂汽轮发电机组等旋转机械设备振动监测分析、故障诊断和治理的实用技术而编写的。目的是为了使读者更好地了解电厂汽轮发电机组及其辅机设备运行中存在的各种振动故障、产生的原因和重要的振动特征，以及消除和控制振动的基本方法。书中阐述了振动基础概念，旋转机械横向振动和扭转振动的理论分析和现场测试分析技术，以及转子和轴系动平衡理论和现场轴系平衡策略和技巧。在分析各种振动故障机理、振动特点的基础上，着重介绍振动故障诊断技术及其应用方法和现场经验，结合大量现场振动故障诊断分析处理实例，力求读者能够容易理解和方便掌握。由于很多故障相互联系，有一定的因果关系，很难做到单独分析，因此有些实例中提到的问题是一些综合因素共同作用的结果，如转子弯曲、联轴器连接偏差、转子横向裂纹与质量不平衡，联轴器连接偏差与轴系振动稳定性，动静碰摩与转子热弯曲，机械松动与共振，以及扭振冲击与联轴器连接偏差等，它们都有直接或间接的联系。书中所列举的振动分析和处理实例，绝大部分是作者从几十年来负责或参与处理过的千余台机组及其辅机设备振动故障中挑选出来的，还有少部分是从国内外公开发表的刊物和资料上选取的。这些故障分析和处理实例验证了书中所阐述的振动故障诊断和治理技术。旋转机械振动故障诊断和治理是涉及面广、复杂的专业技术。在许多方面，本书只是做了抛砖引玉的介绍，要进一步掌握和理解则需要更多专业知识的学习和工程实践。本书尽可能地涵盖火电厂旋转机械现场遇到的各种振动问题，并尽量以通俗文字阐述和说明。希望本书对从事电厂旋转机械振动专业方面的初学者有很好的指导和帮助，对有经验的专业人员提供有用的参考，并期望读者能够共享作者长期从事旋转机械振动故障诊断和治理工作积累的经验。能完成本书的写作，要感谢国内众多电厂给予西安热工研究院有限公司和作者本人的大力支持和协助。他们的信任使我们有机会负责和参与大量国内汽轮发电机组及其辅机设备振动故障，尤其是一些疑难振动故障的分析和处理。这些现场实践使我们受益匪浅，积累了丰富的振动故障诊断和治理经验，并能在本书中呈现大量现场机组及其辅机设备振动故障分析和处理实例。西安热工研究院有限公司振动所一起工作的同志参与了本书介绍的部分振动故障诊断分析实例的处理工作。在此，对他们的辛勤劳动表示深切谢意。本书的出版得到西安热工研究院有限公司专项基金的资助，特在此致谢。限于作者的水平和经验，且编写时间匆促，书中难免存在疏漏和不妥之处，恳请读者批评指正。
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