俞冀阳，清华大学工程物理系核能科学与工程管理研究所，副教授，博导。1994年毕业于清华大学工程物理系，1999年获清华大学工学博士后在清华大学工程物理系任教。主要从事核反应堆工程与安全方面的人才培养和科学研究工作。已出版的教材与专著有：《反应堆热工水力学》、《热工流体数值计算》、《核电厂事故分析》、《核心理学》、《核动力装置设计与优化原理》、《核工程基本原理》等。英文版专著有国际原子能机构出版的IAEA-TECDOC-1395《Comparison of Heavy Water Reactor Thermalhydraulic Code Predictions with Small Break LOCA Experimental Data》。
目錄：
1Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics
1.1Calculus
1.1.1Differential and Derivative
1.1.2Integral
1.1.3Laplace Operator
1.2Units
1.2.1Unit Systems
1.2.2Conversion of Units
1.2.3Graphics of Physical Quantity
Exercises
2Thermodynamics
2.1Thermodynamic Properties
2.2Energy
2.2.1Heat and Work
2.2.2Energy and Power
2.3System and Process
2.4Phase Change
2.5Property Diagrams
2.5.1PressureTemperature pT Diagram
2.5.2PressureSpecific Volume pv Diagram
2.5.3PressureEnthalpy ph Diagram
2.5.4EnthalpyTemperature hT Diagram
2.5.5TemperatureEntropy Ts Diagram
2.5.6EnthalpyEntropy hsDiagram or Mollier Diagram
2.6The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.6.1Rankine Cycle
2.6.2Utilization of the First Law of Thermodynamics in
Nuclear Power Plant
2.7The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.7.1Entropy
2.7.2Carnots Principle
2.8Power Plant Components
2.8.1Turbine Efficiency
2.8.2Pump efficiency
2.8.3Ideal and Real Cycle
2.9Ideal Gas Law
Exercises
3Heat Transfer
3.1Heat Transfer Terminology
3.2Heat Conduction
3.2.1Fouriers Law of Conduction.
3.2.2Rectangular
3.2.3Equivalent Resistance
3.2.4Cylindrical
3.3Convective Heat Transfer
3.3.1Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.3.2Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
3.4Radiant Heat Transfer
3.4.1Thermal Radiation
3.4.2Black Body Radiation
3.4.3Radiation Configuration Factor
3.5Heat Exchangers
3.6Boiling Heat Transfer
3.6.1Flow Boiling
3.6.2Departure from Nucleate Boiling and Critical Heat Flux
3.7Heat Generation
3.7.1Total Power of Reactor Core
3.7.2Flatten of Power
3.7.3Hot Channel Factor
3.7.4Decay Heat
Exercises
4Fluid Flow
4.1Continuity Equation
4.2Laminar and Turbulent Flow
4.2.1Reynolds Number and Hydraulic Diameter
4.2.2Flow Velocity Profiles
4.2.3Average Bulk Velocity
4.2.4Viscosity
4.3Bernoullis Equation
4.3.1Venturi Meter
4.3.2Extended Bernoullis Equation
4.4Head Loss
4.4.1Frictional Loss
4.4.2Minor Losses
4.5Natural Circulation
4.5.1Thermal Driving Head
4.5.2Conditions Required for Natural Circulation
4.6TwoPhase Fluid Flow
4.6.1TwoPhase Friction Multiplier
4.6.2Flow Patterns
4.6.3Flow Instability
4.7Some Specific Phenomenon
4.7.1Pipe Whip
4.7.2Water Hammer and Steam Hammer
Exercises
5Electrical Science
5.1Basic Electrical Theory
5.1.1The Atom
5.1.2Electrostatic Force
5.1.3Coulombs Law of Electrostatic Charges
5.2Electrical Terminology
5.3Ohms Law
5.4Methods of Producing Voltage Electricity
5.4.1Electrochemistry
5.4.2Static Electricity
5.4.3Magnetic Induction
5.4.4Piezoelectric Effect
5.4.5Thermoelectricity
5.4.6Photoelectric Effect
5.4.7Thermionic Emission
5.5Magnetism
5.5.1Magnetic Flux
5.5.2Electromagnetism
5.5.3Magnetomotive Force
5.5.4Magnetic Field Intensity
5.5.5Permeability and Reluctance
5.5.6Magnetic Circuits
5.5.7BH Magnetization Curve
5.5.8Magnetic Induction
5.5.9Faradays Law of Induced Voltage
5.6DC Theory
5.6.1DC Sources
5.6.2Resistance and Resistivity
5.6.3Kirchhoffs Law
5.6.4Inductors
5.6.5Capacitor
5.6.6DC Generators
5.6.7DC Motors
5.7Alternating Current
5.7.1Development of a SineWave Output
5.7.2Basic AC Reactive Components
5.7.3AC Power
5.7.4ThreePhase Circuits
5.7.5AC Generator
5.7.6AC Motor
5.7.7Transformer
Exercises
6Instrumentation and Control
6.1Temperature Detect
6.1.1Resistance Temperature Detector
6.1.2Thermocouple
6.1.3Temperature Detection Circuitry
6.2Pressure Detector
6.2.1BellowsType Detectors
6.2.2Bourdon TubeType Detectors
6.2.3ResistanceType Transducers
6.3Level Detector
6.3.1Gauge Glass
6.3.2Ball Float
6.3.3Conductivity Probe
6.3.4Differential Pressure Level Detectors
6.4Flow Measurement
6.4.1Venturi Flow Meter
6.4.2Pitot Tube
6.4.3Rotameter
6.4.4Steam Flow Measurement
6.5Position Measurement
6.5.1Synchro Equipment
6.5.2Limit Switch
6.5.3Reed Switch
6.5.4Potentiometer
6.5.5Linear Variable Differential Transformer
6.6Radioactivity Measurement
6.6.1Radiation Type
6.6.2Gas Ionization Detector
6.6.3Proportional Counter
6.6.4Ionization Chamber
6.6.5GeigerMiller Counter
6.6.6Scintillation Counter
6.6.7Gamma Spectroscopy
6.6.8Miscellaneous Detectors
6.6.9Circuitry and Circuit Elements
6.6.10Detect of Neutron Flux in Reactor
6.6.11Nuclear Power Measurement
6.7Principles of Process Control
6.7.1Control Loop Diagrams
6.7.2Two Position Control Systems
6.7.3Proportional Control
6.7.4Integral Control Systems
6.7.5Proportional Plus Integral Control Systems
6.7.6Proportional Plus Derivative Control Systems
6.7.7ProportionalIntegralDerivative Control Systems
6.7.8Controllers and Valve Actuators
Exercises
7Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
7.1Chemical Basis
7.1.1The Atom Structure
7.1.2Chemical Elements and Molecules
7.1.3Avogadros Number
7.1.4The Periodic Table
7.2Chemical Bonding
7.2.1Ionic Bond
7.2.2Covalent Bonds
7.2.3Metallic Bonds
7.2.4Van der Waals Forces
7.2.5Hydrogen Bond
7.3Organic Chemistry
7.4Chemical Equations
7.4.1Le Chateliers Principle
7.4.2Concentrations of Solutions
7.4.3Chemical Equations
7.5Acids, Bases, Salts and pH
7.6Corrosion
7.6.1Corrosion Theory
7.6.2General Corrosion
7.6.3Crud and Galvanic Corrosion
7.6.4Specialized Corrosion
7.7Water Chemistry of Reactor
7.7.1Chemistry Parameters of Reactor
7.7.2Water Treatment
7.7.3Dissolved Gases and Suspended Solids
7.7.4Water Purity
7.7.5Radiation Chemistry of Water
7.8Extraction and Refinement of Uranium
7.8.1Leaching of Uranium
7.8.2Extraction of Uranium
7.8.3Refining of Uranium
7.9Chemical Conversion of Uranium
7.9.1Preparation of Uranium Dioxide
7.9.2Preparation of UF4
7.9.3Preparation of UF6
7.9.4Preparation of Metallic Uranium
Exercises
8Material Science
8.1Structure of Metal
8.1.1Types of Crystal
8.1.2Grain Structure and Boundary
8.1.3Polymorphism
8.1.4Alloy
8.1.5Imperfections in Metals
8.2Properties of Metal
8.2.1Stress and Strain
8.2.2Hookes Law
8.2.3Relationship between Stress and Strain
8.2.4Physical Properties of Material
8.3Heat Treatment of Metal
8.4Hydrogen Embrittlement and Irradiation Effect
8.5Thermal Stress
8.6Brittle Fracture
8.6.1Brittle Fracture Mechanism
8.6.2NilDuctility Transition Temperature
8.7Materials in Nuclear Reactor
8.7.1Nuclear Fuel
8.7.2Structure Materials
8.7.3Coolant
8.7.4Moderator
Exercises
9Mechanical Science
9.1Diesel Engine
9.1.1Major Components of a Diesel Engine
9.1.2Diesel Engine Support Systems
9.1.3Principle of Diesel Engine
9.2Heat Exchanger
9.3Pump
9.3.1Centrifugal Pump
9.3.2Positive Displacement Pump
9.3.3Coolant Pump for Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear
Power Plant
9.4Valve
9.4.1Valve Type
9.4.2Basic Structure of Valve
9.4.3Typical Valves
9.4.4Pressure Relief Valve and Safety Valve
9.5Miscellaneous Mechanical Components
9.5.1Air Compressor
9.5.2Hydraulic Press
9.5.3Evaporator
9.5.4Steam Generator
9.5.5Cooling Tower
9.5.6Pressurizers
9.5.7Diffusion Separator
Exercises
10Nuclear Physics
10.1Atomic Nucleus
10.1.1Atomic Number and Mass Number
10.1.2Isotope
10.1.3Chart of Nuclides
10.2Mass Defect and Binding Energy
10.2.1Mass Loss
10.2.2Binding Energy
10.2.3Energy Level Theory
10.3Radioactive Decay
10.3.1Discovery of Radioactive Decay
10.3.2Category Decay
10.3.3Decay Chain
10.3.4HalfLife
10.3.5Radioactivity
10.3.6Radioactive Equilibrium
10.4Neutron Interactions with Matter
10.4.1Scattering Process
10.4.2Thermal Neutron
10.4.3Radiative Capture Effect
10.4.4Particle Emission
10.4.5Fission
10.5Nuclear Fission
10.5.1The Liquid Drop Model of Nuclear Fission
10.5.2Fissile Material
10.5.3Specific Binding Energy
10.5.4The Energy Released from Nuclear Fission
Exercises
11Reactor Theory
11.1Neutron Source
11.1.1Natural Neutron Source
11.1.2Artificial Neutron Source
11.1.3PWR Neutron Source Assembly
11.2Nuclear Cross Section
11.2.1Neutron Reaction Cross Section
11.2.2Mean Free Path
11.2.3Temperature Effects Cross Section
11.3Neutron Flux
11.3.1Ficks Law
11.3.2Neutron Diffusion Equation
11.3.3SelfShielding
11.4Reactor Power
11.4.1Fission Rate
11.4.2Volumetric Heat Release Rate
11.4.3Nuclear Power of Reactor Core
11.5Neutron Moderation
11.5.1Neutron Slowing
11.5.2The Release of Fission Neutron
11.5.3Neutron Generation Time
11.5.4Neutron Energy Spectrum
11.5.5Fermi Age Model
11.5.6Most Probable Neutron Velocities
11.6Neutron Life Cycle and Critical
11.6.1Multiplication Factor
11.6.2Four Factor Formula
11.6.3Effective Multiplication Factor
11.6.4Critical Size
11.6.5Criticality Calculation
11.7Reactivity
11.7.1Reactivity Coefficient
11.7.2Temperature Reactivity Coefficient
11.7.3Pressure Coefficient
11.7.4Void Coefficient
11.7.5Power Coefficient
11.8Neutron Poisons
11.8.1Burnable Poisons
11.8.2Soluble Poisons
11.8.3Control Rods
11.8.4Xenon
11.8.5Samarium
11.9Subcritical Multiplication
11.9.1Subcritical Multiplication Factor
11.9.2Effect of Reactivity Changes on Subcritical Multiplication
11.9.3Use of 1M Plots
11.10Reactor Kinetics
11.10.1Reactor Kinetics Equations
11.10.2In Hour Equation
11.10.3Reactor Period
11.11Nuclear Power Plant Operation
11.11.1Startup of Reactor
11.11.2Startup of Nuclear Power Plant
11.11.3Nuclear Power Plant Shutdown
11.11.4Status of Nuclear Power Plant
11.12Isotope Separation
11.12.1SWU and Value Function
11.12.2Diffusion Method of Isotope Separation
11.12.3HighSpeed Centrifugation Method
11.12.4Laser Method
11.12.5Separation Nozzle
11.13Nuclear Fuel Cycle
11.13.1Cyclic Manner
11.13.2Key Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
11.13.3Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost
Exercises
12Radiation Protection
12.1Radiation Quantities and Units
12.1.1Describe the Amount of Radiation Source and
Radiation Field
12.1.2Usual Quantities of Dosimetry
12.1.3Commonly Used Quantities in Radiation Protection
12.2Basic Principles and Standards of Radiation Protection
12.2.1The Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
12.2.2Radiation Protection Standards
12.3Radiation Protection Methods
12.3.1Human Radiation Effects
12.3.2Deterministic Effects
12.3.3Random Effects
12.4Radiation Monitoring
12.5Evaluation of Radiation Protection
12.6Radiation Emergency
Exercises
Symbol Table
References
內容試閱：
Nuclear engineering deals with quite a wide scope of knowledge including mathematics, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, electricity, instrument and control, materials, chemical engineering, mechanicals, nuclear physics, reactor theory and radiation protection. Each of these fields has some fundamental principles related to nuclear engineering. This textbook focuses on those fundamental principles and makes them a whole system knowledge to understand nuclear engineering.
Nuclear energy is a kind of clean, safety, economical energy source and it is one of the best choices of future energy for the whole world. It is especially suitable for China to develop nuclear energy because of the environmental pressure caused by fossil fuel. Nuclear energy provides about 15% of the electrical power of the whole world at present. Although, there were some nuclear accidents in the history of nuclear industry, advanced nuclear power plants are more and more safety, more and more efficiency, and antinuclear proliferation. At present, the Chinese government is working hard to adjust the structure of energy source. Nuclear energy, wind energy, hydro energy and solar energy are developing very quickly. Based on the plan of the government, the capacity of nuclear power plant in China will be 360 GWe, 240 GWe or 120 GWe according to different level of the development.
Based on these backgrounds, human resources of nuclear engineering will be demanded continually. Nuclear engineering deals with quite a wide scope of knowledge. For those who changed major to nuclear engineering, it is a little bit of difficult to understand the whole system knowledge in nuclear engineering field. Even for those who learn nuclear engineering as major, it is necessary to learn all these materials on the point view of systematic.
If the knowledge learned is not comprehensive, it is definitely a hidden danger for nuclear safety. All persons who want to work in the nuclear engineering field will be trained before entering a nuclear power plant. This textbook is a kind of handbook because of its simplicity, systematic and easy to understand. There are bunch of diagrams and figures to understand those profound concepts without tedious derivation of formulas.
The textbook is structured in twelve chapters, beginning with the basic concepts of mathematics and physics, and continuing in Chapter 2 with thermodynamics. Chapter 3 is concerned with heat transfer. Chapter 4 discusses the principles of fluid flow. Electrical science is introduced in Chapter 5. Instrumentation and control is discussed in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, the fundamental principles in chemistry and chemical engineering are presented. Chapter 8 is concerned with material science and Chapter 9 with mechanical science. Nuclear physics and reactor theory will be learned in Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 and radiation protection in the last.
In writing a book like this, I would like to thank my parents and family, and my lovely colleagues in the Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University. I would like to give special acknowledgement to all the students in the class of ITUEM 2017 for their careful revision of the book.
Yu Jiyang
Tsinghua University
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