Location information is playing a more and more important role in people’s life. There are many application scenarios depending on positioning in the future 5G communications, such as Virtual Reality VR, Internet of Things IoT, Internet of Vehicles IoV and so forth. Especially, indoor positioning has attracted more attentions because of its huge business potential while there are no mature and versatile solutions. This book aims to identify the requirements of indoor positioning in the future work, present the potential network architecture and key technologies that can fulfill the requirements, and research the localization network programming and deployment.Finally, this bookprovides some solutions about the positioning equipment research and deployment, and the network programing. Additionally, some test and validation cases are presented for reference.（主要内容翻译：本书旨在确定未来工作中对室内定位的要求，提出能够满足需求的潜在网络体系结构和关键技术，并对定位网络规划与部署进行研究。*后，本书还对定位设备的研究与部署，以及网络编程等问题提出了一些解决方案。此外，还提供了一些测试和验证用例以供参考。）
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Current Status, Challenges and Requirements 4
2.1 Current Status of Indoor Positioning 4
2.2 Challenges of Indoor Positioning 8
2.3 Requirements 12
Reference 14
Chapter 3 Localization Network Architecture 16
3.1 Universal Positioning Architecture 16
3.2 Integrated System of Navigation and
Communication 20
3.3 Future Development of Indoor Positioning 22
Reference 25
Chapter 4 Key Technologies 26
4.1 Localization Signal Design 26
4.2 Signal Measurement and Localization
Technologies 33
4.3 Synchronization Technologies 50
4.4 Channel Modeling 56
4.5 Tracking and Map Matching 62
4.6 Intelligent Hybrid Localization 68
4.7 Localization Technologies in 5G 75
Reference 82
Chapter 5 Localization Network Programming and
Deployment 89
5.1 Equipment Research and Development 89
5.2 Network Programming Solutions 96
5.3 Test and Validation 104
Reference 115
Chapter 6 Summary 117
Chapter 7 Glossary 119
內容試閱：
Location information is playing a more and more important role in peoples life. There are many application scenarios depending on positioning in the future 5G communications, such as Virtual Reality VR, Internet of Things IoT, Internet of Vehicles IoV and so forth. Especially, indoor positioning has attracted more attentions because of its huge business potential while there are no mature and versatile solutions. This white paper aims to identify the requirements of indoor positioning in the future work, present the potential network architecture and key technologies that can fulfill the requirements, and research the localization network programming and deployment.
By now, there have been various positioning technologies corresponding to different requirements and scenarios. Generally, indoor positioning faces the challenges of location accuracy, cost, coverage range, latency and the complexity of indoor environments resulting from multipath propagation and frequent environment changes. A brief summary of the main challenges and solutions is given below.
Localization network architecture design
? A universal positioning architecture includes two parts of information extraction and position calculation.
? The integration of multiple positioning functiona
lities seems inevitable and requires the convergen
ce of positioning standards that ensure multi-stand and multi-vendor interoperability.
Signal measurement method
? Wireless positioning systems estimate the location by mapping the signal features to the space location.
? These approaches need to extract the wireless signal features, such as RSS, TOA, TDOA, and AOA.
Localization algorithm
? In wireless positioning system, the location estimation method is the core component which aims to mapping the signal metrics RSSTOA
TDOAAOA into 2D3D location.
? The typical wireless positioning techniques incl
ude trilateration, triangulation, fingerprinting also known as scene analysis, and proximity.
Synchronization technologies
? Synchronization technology is one of the key research areastechnologies for high accuracy positioning systems. Approximately every 3ns of synchronization precision decreasing leads to 1 meter distance-measuring error.
? Some candidate techniques are considered on the whole in order to control the end-to-end time error in synchronization networks include enhanced GNSS technique, enhanced reference time source, enhanced auxiliary frequency technique, enhanced PTP technique, etc.
Channel modeling
? The implementation of the channel simulation is helpful in decreasing the amounts of manpower, material and the cost of time. Besides, it is important to realize the high-precision position
ing and the elements layout.
? A representative technology in certain models is the ray tracing technique, which is based on the geometrical optics theory.
Tracking and map matching
? The continuous and dynamic location estimation or tracking is essential，and is modeled to be a state sequence estimation. The system can adopt the Bayesian estimation method to analyze and optimize the estimation problems.
? The positioning system usually has the map information to display the location content. The map typically includes the roads, structures, facilities and various landmarks, which can be used to constrain the targets movement or correct the estimation error.
Intelligent hybrid localization
? The new-generation indoor localization techno
logy combined with multiple locating information sources including the pressure sensor, direction sensor and optical image sensor etc., has become the focus of further research.
Prediction of localization technologies in future 5G communications
? With the emergence of D2D communication, each mobile device can make additional short-distance range measurements with respect to its nearby devices, and cooperates with those neighbors for positional inference.
? With the development of full duplex technology and combination of round-trip time technology, the distances between the nodes in wireless networks can be obtain
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