Part 1Materials Introduction Chapter 1Metals 2 1.1What are Metals? 2 1.2Historical Timeline of Metals 3 1.3Future Trends 4 1.4Scientific Principles 4 1.4.1Structure of Metals 4 1.4.2Mechanical Properties 7 1.4.3Processing 8 1.4.4Alloys 9 1.4.5Corrosion 10 1.4.6Metal Ores 11 1.4.7Summary 12 Review Questions 13 Answers to Review Questions 13 References 14 Glossary 14 Chapter 2Ceramics 17 2.1What Are Ceramics? 17 2.2Historical Timeline of Ceramics 19 2.3Future Trends 20 2.4Scientific Principles 21 2.4.1Introduction 21 2.4.2Atomic Bonding 21 2.4.3Classification 21 2.4.4Thermal Properties 22 2.4.5Optical Properties 24 2.4.6Mechanical Properties 26 2.4.7Electrical Properties 28 2.4.8Ceramic Processing 30 2.4.9Summary 33 Review Questions 33 Answers to Review Questions 34 References 34 Glossary 35 Chapter 3Concrete 38 3.1What is Concrete? 38 3.2The Historical Timeline of Concrete 39 3.3Future Trends 40 3.4Scientific Principles 41 3.4.1What is in This Stuff? 41 3.4.2Concrete Production 43 3.4.3Properties of Concrete 47 3.4.4Concrete Degradation 51 3.4.5Summary 51 Review Questions 52 Answers to Review Questions 53 References 54 Glossary 54 Chapter 4Polymers 56 4.1What are Polymers? 56 4.2Historical Timeline of Polymers 57 4.3Future Trends 58 4.4Scientific Principles 58 4.4.1Polymerization Reactions 59 4.4.2Polymer Chemical Structure 60 4.4.3Polymer Physical Structure 61 4.4.4Members of the Polymer Family 62 4.4.5Polymer Processing 62 4.4.6Recycling 64 4.4.7Summary 68 Review Questions 68 Answers to Review Questions 69 References 70 Glossary 70 Abbreviations 71 Chapter 5Composite Materials 72 5.1What are Composite Materials? 72 5.2Historical Timeline of Composite Materials 73 5.3Future Trends 74 5.4Scientific Principles 75 5.4.1Get to Know of Composite Materials 75 5.4.2Products of Composite Materials 76 5.4.3Constituents of Composite Materials 77 5.4.4Fabrication Methods 78 5.4.5Finishing Methods 81 5.4.6Tooling 81 5.4.7Physical Properties 81 5.4.8Summary 82 Review Questions 83 Answers to Review Questions 83 References 84 Glossary 84 Abbreviations 86 Chapter 6Semiconductors 88 6.1What are Semiconductors? 88 6.2Historical Timeline of Semiconductors 89 6.3Future Trends 90 6.4Scientific Principles 91 6.4.1Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 91 6.4.2Research and Application 95 6.4.3Properties and Processing of Electronic Materials 96 6.4.4Summary 99 Review Questions 100 Answers to Review Questions 101 References 102 Glossary 103 Chapter 7Energy 106 7.1What is Energy? 107 7.2Historical Timeline of Energy 107 7.3Future Trends 108 7.4Scientific Principles 109 7.4.1Basic Energy Principles 109 7.4.2Fossil Fuels 113 7.4.3Renewable Energy Sources 120 7.4.4Nuclear Energy 125 7.4.5Summary 133 Review Questions 133 Answers to Review Questions 135 References 135 Glossary 136 Part 2Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations Chapter 8Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Metals 142 8.1Laboratory Activities 142 Experiment 1Crystal Packing 142 Experiment 2A Particle Model of Metals： Atomic Bb’s 143 Experiment 3Processing Metals： Making Metals Strong 145 Experiment 4Tensile Strength Test： Stretching Wires 147 Experiment 5Forming Brass from Zinc and Copper： “Gold” Penny Lab 149 Experiment 6Activity Series： Which one Reacts? 151 Experiment 7Corrosion of Iron： Rust! 153 Experiment 8Oxidation of a Metal： Chemical Hand Warmer 156 8.2Demonstrations 157 Demonstration 1Phase Transition of High Carbon Steel 157 Demonstration 2Removal of Zinc from Pennies： Floating Pennies 159 Demonstration 3Corrosion of Iron： Test Tube Geology 160 Chapter 9Laboratory Activities of Ceramics 163 Experiment 1Clay Labs： Ready-Beam-Fire 163 Experiment 2Flocculation in Ceramics 167 Experiment 3Glass Labs： Wow You Can See Right Through Me! 168 Experiment 4Electrical Resistance in a Glass Bulb 173 Experiment 5Fiber Optics Labs： Light at the End of the Tunnel 173 Chapter 10Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Concrete 176 10.1Laboratory Activities 176 Experiment 1Physical Properties： What’s the Matter? 176 Experiment 2Concrete Density and Aggregates： How Dense Is It? 178 Experiment 3Cement Hydration and pH Evolution： Hot and Cold 180 Experiment 4A Design Project： The Fleet Afloat! 183 Experiment 5Stress and Strain 186 Experiment 6Make and Take 192 10.2Demonstrations 193 Demonstration 1Making a Silt Test 193 Demonstration 2Conducting an Organic Matter Test 193 Demonstration 3Effect of Aggregate on Workability of Concrete 194 Demonstration 4It’s Heating Up! 195 Demonstration 5pH of Cement 196 Chapter 11Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Ploymers 199 11.1Laboratory Activities 199 Experiment 1Crunch and Munch Lab 199 Experiment 2Slime Away 202 Experiment 3A Silly Polymer 205 Experiment 4Don’t Throw it in the Garbage 208 Experiment 5Plastics the Second Time Around 211 11.2Demonstrations 215 Demonstration 1Let’s Make an Addition Polymer 215 Demonstration 2Introduction to the New Chain Gang 217 Demonstration 3The Formation of the Wonder Polymer 218 Chapter 12Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Composite Materials 220 12.1Laboratory Activities 220 Experiment 1Composite Column DesignTest Lab 220 Experiment 2Composite Materials Structure 223 12.2Demonstrations 229 Demonstration 1Snow Ski 229 Demonstration 2Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer CFRP in a Race Car 230 Chapter 13Laboratory Activities of Semiconductors 232 Experiment 1Electronic Familiarity 232 Experiment 2Hot and Cold 234 Experiment 3Let There Be Light 238 Experiment 4What is Ohmic? 242 Experiment 5Alternating to Direct 246 Experiment 6Working with LED’s 249 Chapter 14Laboratory Activities and Demonstrations of Energy 253 14.1Laboratory Activities 253 Experiment 1Great Chemistry! 253 Experiment 2Heating It Up! 257 Experiment 3Half-Life：The Energizer Bunny Effect 260 Experiment 4Nature’s Kitchen ——Solar Box Cooker 262 14.2Demonstrations 265 Demonstration 1Potential to Kinetic Energy 265 Demonstration 2Dipping into Solar Ponds 267 Demonstration 3Nuclear Mice 269 Appendix： Unit Conversion Tables
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大千世界中，材料无处不在。吃、穿、住、行，每个人每天都会碰到诸如金属、橡胶、磁性、光电等众多材料，小到一根针、一张纸、一个塑料袋、一件衣服，大到交通工具、医疗器械、工程建筑、信息通讯、航天航空，处处都有材料科学与工程的身影。 材料科学与工程以材料学、化学、物理学为基础，主要研究材料成分、结构、加工工艺与其性能和应用。人类文明的发展史事实上就是一部如何更好地利用材料和创造材料的历史，材料的不断创新和发展，反过来又极大地推动了社会经济的发展。 材料科学与工程囊括了金属材料工程、无机非金属材料工程、高分子材料与工程、复合材料与工程等。随着人类进入新世纪以及科学技术的不断发展，无论是工业领域、建筑领域、医疗领域还是航空领域，材料学都面临着技术突破和重大产业发展机遇。以高分子材料、纳米材料、光电子材料、生物医用材料及新能源材料等为代表的新材料技术创新也显得非常活跃。很多日用化工类、机械加工类、石油化工、钢铁制造类企业都离不开材料及相关工程方面的人才，如材料及高分子复合材料成型加工、高分子合成、化学纤维、新型建筑装饰材料、现代喷涂与包装材料、陶瓷、水泥、家用电器、电子电气、汽车厂、钢铁企业、石油化工、制造企业、航天航空等企业中从事设计、新产品开发、生产管理、市场经营及贸易部门工作的人员，高等学校、科研单位从事材料科学研究与教学工作的学者和研究人员，政府部门从事行政管理、质量监督等工作的行政人员等，都也离不开材料及相关工程方面的知识和技能。 按照材料的种类，本书共涉及七种材料：金属材料、陶瓷材料、水泥混凝土材料、高分子材料、复合材料、半导体材料、能源材料，分别介绍各种材料的基本结构特征、性能、用途、合成制造、加工方法和相关实验操作。本书在注重材料科学基础理论的同时，兼顾材料工程生产实践，注重理论与生产生活实践相结合，提高读者的阅读兴趣。 由于作者水平有限，疏漏和不足之处在所难免，敬请读者指正。 作者 2017年5月 Materials Science and Engineering encompasses all natural and man-made materials——their extraction, synthesis, processing, properties, characterization, and development for technological applications. Advanced engineering activities that depend upon optimized materials include the medical device and healthcare industries, the energy industries, electronics and photonics, transportation, advanced batteries and fuel cells, and nanotechnology. Professionals in materials science and engineering develop a fundamental understanding of materials at the nano, micro and macro scales, leading to specialization in such topics as： biomaterials; chemical and electrochemical materials science and engineering; computational materials science and engineering; electronic, magnetic and optical materials; and structural materials. As in the past, today’s materials advancements enables new technological breakthroughs across all engineering disciplines. Structural Materials focus on the relationships between the chemical and physical structure of materials and their properties and performance. Regardless of the material class metallic, ceramic, polymeric or composite, an understanding of the structure-property relationships provides a scientific basis for developing engineering materials for advanced applications. Fundamental and applied research in structural materials responds to an ever-increasing demand for improved or better-characterized materials. This book treats the important properties of seven primary types of materials——metals, ceramics, concrete, polymers, composite materials, semiconductors, as well as energy. Describes the relationships that exist between the structural elements of these materials and their characteristies. Emphasizes mechanical behavior and failure along with techniques used to improve the mechanical and failure properties in terms of alteration of structural elements. Individual chapters discuss each of the corrosion, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties plus economic, environmental, and societal issues. Features a design component which includes design examples, case studies, and design typ
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