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根据第1版读者的反馈和实际教学应用中发现的问题，本书内容进行了适当增删与调整。增加了新技术方面的内容，对练习环节进行了更有针对性的修订。本书共分为5章，各章包括课文、生词、注释、练习等环节。前4章以汽车构造为主线，涵盖发动机、底盘和电气设备等内容，同时侧重于*汽车技术的内容。所选的阅读材料以汽车维修、故障诊断和维护保养设备的内容为主。第5章为汽车营销英语，主题涉及营销基本原理和销售实务。本书所选素材均选自英文原文，练习环节题型多样，既有对课文的巩固，又有相关知识的扩展。本书整体上图文并茂，将汽车英语的识读、理解和记忆融会贯通，便于读者学习和掌握。本书除了可以作为高职高专汽车相关专业的教材之外，也可供汽车从业人员阅读使用。
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本书按照高职高专职业技术教育的特点和培养方案，本着适用、管用、够用的原则，联系现代汽车技术发展的实际情况，结合知识与实践，精心编写而成。
本书共分为5章。第1章为汽车发展简史。第2章以发动机为主，共分为10个单元，包含发动机的工作原理和构成，重点突出电控发动机、电控共轨柴油直喷技术。第3章以汽车底盘为主，共分为10个单元，除了底盘的基本构造，还包含*的自动变速器、GPS定位导航系统、ABS制动防抱死系统、ESP电控车身稳定系统等。第4章以汽车电器为主，共分为6个单元。除了电器基本系统，还包括空调和汽车安全气囊系统。第5章为汽车营销英语，包含营销基本原理和销售实务两个单元。
本书体例包括5个环节：课文、生词、注释、练习和阅读材料。阅读材料主要涉及汽车维修、故障诊断和设备维护保养。练习环节题型多样，既有对课文的巩固，又有对相关知识的拓展。本书图文并茂，将汽车英语的识读、理解和记忆融会贯通，便于读者学习和掌握。本书可作为高职高专汽车相关专业的教材，也可供汽车从业人员阅读和参考。
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第2版前言
《汽车专业英语》自2010年出版以来受到了读者的广泛好评，也提出了一些中肯的建议，为了适应当今汽车行业的发展需要，为了更好地服务读者，我们对《汽车专业英语》进行了增删与修订，决定出版第2版。
据中国汽车工业协会统计，我国2015年累计生产汽车2450.33万辆，同比增长3.25%，销售汽车2459.76万辆，同比增长4.68%。其中，乘用车产销2107.94万辆和2114.63万辆，同比分别增长5.78%和7.30%；商用车产销342.39万辆和345.13万辆。继续保持世界第一汽车产销大国的位置。在我国成为汽车大国、汽车进入老百姓日常生活的情况下，我国急需汽车理论知识扎实、实践技能熟练的专业人才。而汽车专业英语是汽车服务技术人员尤其高级技术人才不可或缺的必备知识。在这样的背景下，我们编写了这本《汽车专业英语》。
在编写过程中，我们紧紧联系当前汽车技术发展的实际状况，按照高职高专职业技术教育的特点和培养方案，本着适用、管用、够用的原则，将知识与实践紧密结合。
根据第1版读者的反馈和实际教学应用中发现的问题，本书内容进行了适当增删与调整。增加了新技术方面的内容，对练习环节进行了更有针对性的修订。本书共分为5章，各章包括课文、生词、注释、练习等环节。前4章以汽车构造为主线，涵盖发动机、底盘和电气设备等内容，同时侧重于最新汽车技术的内容。所选的阅读材料以汽车维修、故障诊断和维护保养设备的内容为主。第5章为汽车营销英语，主题涉及营销基本原理和销售实务。本书所选素材均选自英文原文，练习环节题型多样，既有对课文的巩固，又有相关知识的扩展。本书整体上图文并茂，将汽车英语的识读、理解和记忆融会贯通，便于读者学习和掌握。本书除了可以作为高职高专汽车相关专业的教材之外，也可供汽车从业人员阅读使用。
参加本书编写工作的有：北京城市学院何宝文编写第4章、云南交通职业技术学院杨雪松编写第1章和第2章前6个单元，昆明冶金高等专科学校李源和北京城市学院何宝文编写第2章后4个单元，河南职业技术学院陈海燕编写第3章前5个单元，河北机电职业技术学院张国新编写第3章后5个单元。邢台职业技术学院胡慧敏编写第5章。本书由何宝文、杨雪松担任主编，张国新、陈海燕和李源担任副主编。
由于编者水平有限，疏漏之处在所难免，恳请读者不吝指正。
编 者
第1版前言
中投顾问产业研究中心发布的《20102015年中国汽车行业投资分析及前景预测报告》中指出：经过近30年的努力，特别是过去十多年国家汽车生产和消费政策的调整，我国汽车产业呈现爆发式增长，产销规模在19982008年的10年间保持了20%以上的年均增幅。目前我国已跃居世界第二大汽车消费国和第三大汽车生产国。2008年，受国际金融危机的影响，我国汽车产销量分别为934.5万辆和938.1万辆，增幅低于2007年。而自2009年以来，汽车市场回暖，从2009年3月起我国汽车产销已连续9个月超过百万辆水平，创历史纪录。2009年111月，我国汽车产销分别为1226.58万辆和1223.04万辆，同比增长41.59%和42.39%。中国汽车工业总体发展趋势良好。
未来的十几年既是我国汽车工业稳健发展的时期，又是汽车市场群雄逐鹿、竞争日益激烈的时期，既有国内大大小小汽车厂家的市场争夺，又有进口车辆的强大威胁。在这种情况下，我国急需汽车理论知识扎实、实践技能熟练的专业人才。而相应的专业英语知识是汽车服务技术人员尤其是高级技术人才不可或缺的技能。在这样的背景下，我们编写了这本《汽车专业英语》。
在编写过程中，我们按照高职高专职业技术教育的特点和培养方案，本着适用、管用、够用的原则，紧紧联系当前汽车技术发展的实际状况将知识与实践紧密结合。
本书共5章，各章包括课文、生词、注释、练习和阅读材料共5个环节。前4章以汽车构造为主线，涵盖发动机、底盘和电气设备等内容，同时侧重于最新汽车技术的内容。所选的阅读材料以汽车维修、故障诊断和设备维护保养的内容为主。第5章为汽车营销英语，主题涉及营销基本原理和销售实务。本书素材均选自英文原文，练习环节题型多样，既有对课文的巩固，又有对相关知识的扩展。本书图文并茂，将汽车英语的识读、理解和记忆融会贯通，便于读者学习和掌握。本书除了可以作为高职高专汽车相关专业的教材之外，也可供汽车从业人员阅读使用。
参加本书编写工作的有：邢台职业技术学院何宝文编写第4章，李英、陈超、刘学明整理附录及文图，云南交通职业技术学院杨雪松编写第1章、第2章前6个单元，昆明冶金高等专科学校李源和邢台职业技术学院何宝文编写第2章后4个单元，河南职业技术学院陈海燕编写第3章前5个单元，河北机电职业技术学院张国新编写第3章后5个单元，邢台职业技术学院胡慧敏编写第5章。本书由何宝文、杨雪松担任主编，张国新、陈海燕和李源担任副主编。
由于编者水平有限，疏漏之处在所难免，恳请读者不吝指正。
编 者
Chapter 2
Engine
Unit 1
Four-stage Engine Operation
There are various types of engines such as electric motors, stream
engines and internal combustion engines. However, the internal combustion
engine seems to be the most commonly used in the automotive field. According to
the fuel energy used, internal combustion engines are further divided into
gasoline engines and diesel engines.
The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel
within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into
rotary force used to propel the vehicle. The actions taking place in the engine
cylinder can be classified into four stages, or stroke. The stroke refers to
piston movementa stroke occurs when the piston moves from one
limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called
TDC top dead center. The lower limit of the piston movement is called BDC
bottom dead center. A stroke is the movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to
TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke, each time it changes its
direction of motion, as shown in Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1
Four-stroke Engine
Almost all cars currently use the so-called four-stroke cycle engine
to convert gasoline into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the
Otto cycle, in honor of Nicolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four
strokes are intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke,
as shown in Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2
The Operation of a Four-stroke Cycle Engine
Intake stroke. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by a
connecting rod. On the intake stroke, the piston moves down from the TDC to the
BDC as the crankshaft revolves. This downward movement of the piston creates a
vacuum, a difference in pressure in the space above the piston. The intake
valve opens automatically as or slightly before the piston starts down,
therefore, the air fuel mixture pushed by the atmospheric pressure outside the
engine, rushes through the intake manifold and into the engine cylinder. At the
same time, the exhaust valve remains closed and prevents the entering air fuel
charge from escaping through the exhaust port. The mixture of air and vaporized
gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.
Compression stroke. After the piston reaches the BDC, the piston
moves back up to compress this combustible mixture within the combustion
chamber and the intake valve and the exhaust valve are all closed. Since both
valves are closed, the piston compresses the air fuel mixture in the small
space between the top of the piston and the cylinder head. When the mixture is
compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder go up, but also the
temperature increases. As the piston reaches the TDC again during its upward
travel, the compression stroke of the piston is over. The air fuel charge is
now under compression so that it will produce a great deal of power when the
spark plug ignites it.
Power stroke. Just as or slightly before the piston reaches the TDC
on the compression stroke with the air fuel mixture fully compressed, a timed
electrical spark appears at the spark plug. This spark ignites the compressed
air fuel mixture. The burning mixture begins to expand, and the cylinder
pressure increase to as much as 3~5MPa or even more. This tremendous force
pushed the piston downward on the power stroke, and a power impulse transmitted
through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is
rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it. In other words,
the force resulting from the expansion of the burning air fuel mixture is
turning the crankshaft.
Exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve opens, near the end of the
downward movement of the piston on the power stroke, although much of the gas
pressure has expended itself driving the piston downward, some pressure still
remains when the exhaust valve opens. This remaining pressurized gas flows
comparatively freely from the cylinder through the passage port opened by the
exhaust valve. Then, as the piston again moves up in the cylinder, it drives
any remaining gases out of the cylinder past the open exhaust valve. In other
words, while the exhaust valve is open, the upward movement of the piston
provides an effective method for discharging all waste gases from the engine
cylinder and combustion chamber. As the crankshaft nears the end of its second
complete revolution, the piston again approaches the TDC position. At this
point the exhaust valve is closing and the intake valve starts to open. Both
valves are open together for a short period of time in order to accelerate the
fresh charge to flow into the cylinder.
As the piston travels through the TDC position and starts downward
again in the cylinder, a new operating cycle begins. This fourstroke cycle
of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again to put the vehicle
forward.
Words and Expressions
1. various [''v??ri?s]
adj. 各种各样的
2. diesel [''di：z?l] n. 柴油机；内燃机
3. propel [pr?''pel] v. 推进；驱使
4. stage [steid?] n. 阶段；舞台；驿站 vt. 上演；实行，进行
5. approach [?''pr?ut?]
n. 接近；途径；方法 v. 靠近，接近
6. crankshaft [''kr?k?ɑ：ft] n. 曲轴
7. vacuum [''vkju?m] n.
真空；空间；真空吸尘器 adj. 真空的
8. atmospheric [?tm?s''ferik]
adj. 大气的, 大气层的
9. manifold [''mnif?uld]
n. 多种；歧管 adj. 多种的，多方面的 v. 繁殖，增多
10. vaporize [''veip?raiz]
v. 使蒸发
11. combustible [k?m''b?st?bl]
adj. 易燃的，燃烧性的 n. 燃质物，可燃物
12. ignite [ig''nait]
vi. 着火，发光 vt. 点燃，使燃烧，引发
13. slightly [''slaitly ] adv. 轻微地；微小地；稍微地；纤细地
14. transmit [trnz''mit]
vt. 传输，传送；代代相传；传达
15. tremendous [tri''mend?s]
adj. 巨大的；可怕的；非常的
16. comparatively [k?m''pr?tivli] adv. 比较地；相对地
17. gasoline engine 汽油机
18. diesel engine 柴油机
19. top dead center TDC 上止点；上死点
20. bottom dead center BDC 下止点；下死点
21. connecting rod 连杆
22. spark plug 火花塞
23. inlet intake valve 进气阀
24. exhaust valve 排气阀
25. swept volume 有效容积
Notes
1. The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel
within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into
rotary force used to propel the vehicle.
内燃发动机，正如其名字所示，在汽缸内燃烧燃料并转换燃烧的膨胀力为回转力来推动车辆运动。
2. The intake valve opens automatically at or slightly before the
piston starts down, therefore, the air fuel mixture pushed by the atmospheric
pressure outside the engine, rushes through the intake manifold and into the
engine cylinder.
进气门自动打开或者稍微提前于活塞开始向下运动时打开，因此，空燃混合气在发动机外部大气压力的推动下，急速通过进气歧管并进入发动机汽缸。
3. When the mixture is compressed, not only does the pressure in the
cylinder go up, but also the temperature increases.
当混合物被压缩时，不仅汽缸里的压力会上升，而且温度也会上升。
4. This tremendous force pushed the piston downward on the power stroke,
and a power impulse transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on
the crankshaft.
在做功行程中，这样巨大推力作用于活塞使它向下运动，并且脉冲推力通过连杆传到曲轴轴颈上。
5. This remaining pressurized gas flows comparatively freely from
the cylinder through the passage port opened by the exhaust valve.
气体的余压使废气能相对自由地从汽缸通过排气门的排气口。
Exercises
A. Vocabulary
I. Translate the following expressions into Chinese.
1. power stoke
2. clearance volume
3. compression ratio
4. revolution
5. intake stroke
6. compression stroke
7. exhaust stroke
8. engine block
9. bore
10. engine capacity
II. Identify the English names of the four-stroke engine according
to the picture.
1． 2．
3． 4．
5． 6．
7． 8．
9． 10．
B. Comprehension
I. Discuss the following questions in groups and write down your
answers.
1. Would you please tell different types of engines?
2. What does internal combustion engine mean?
3. How does the engine produce power for the automobile?
4. What is the function of each stroke?
II. Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with
the proper forms of the given words.
expand appear
rotate reach transmit
compress tremendous
crankshaft push increase
Just as or slightly before the piston TDC on the compression stroke with the
air fuel mixture fully , a timed
electrical spark at the spark plug.
This spark ignites the compressed air fuel mixture. The burning mixture begins
to , and the cylinder pressure
to as much as 3~5MPa or even more.
This force pushed the piston
downward on the power stroke, and a power impulse through the connecting rod to the
crankpin on the . The crankshaft
is as the piston is down by the pressure above it.
C. Translation
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the
cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.
2. The air fuel charge is now under compression so that it will
produce a great deal of power when the spark plug ignites it.
3. Both valves are open together for a short period of time in order
to accelerate the fresh charge to flow into the cylinder.
II. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 冲程，是指活塞运动，一个冲程发生时，活塞从一个极限位置运动到另外一个极限位置。
2. 活塞每完成一个冲程，活塞将改变其运动方向一次。
3. 与此同时，排气门仍然关闭，阻止进入的可燃混合气通过排气口逸出。
Reading Material
Read the following passages and answer the
questions according to the information given in the passages.
Passage One Two-stroke Engine
We are familiar with two types of engines found in nearly every car
and truck on the road today. They are gasoline and diesel engines. Both are
classified as four-stroke reciprocating internal combustion engines and
two-stroke engines. The two-stroke engines are commonly found in lower power
applications such as jet skis. The two-stroke engines have three important
advantages over four-stroke engines as follows：
* Two-stroke engines do not have valve,
which simplifies their construction and lowers their weight.
* Two-stroke engines fire once every
revolution, while four-stroke engines fire once every other revolution. This
gives two-stroke engines a signification power boost.
* Two-stroke engines can work in any
orientation. A standard four-stroke engine may have problem with oil flow
unless it is upright, and solving this problem can add complexity to the
engine.
These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter, simpler and less
expensive to manufacture. Two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack
about twice the power into the same space because there are twice as many power
strokes per revolution. The combustion of light weight and twice the power
gives two-stroke engines a great power-to-weight ratio compared to many
four-stroke engine designs.
Start with the point where the spark plugs fire. Fuel and air in the
cylinder have been compressed when the spark plugs fire the mixture. The
resulting explosion drives the piston downward. Note that as the piston moves
downward, it is compressing the air fuel mixture in the crankcase. As the
piston approaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust port is uncovered. The
pressure in the cylinder drives most of the exhaust gases out of cylinder. As
the piston finally bottoms out, the intake port is uncovered. The pistons
movement has pressurized the mixture in the crankcase, so it rushes into the
cylinder, displacing the remaining exhaust gases and filling the cylinder with
a fresh charge of fuel. Note that in many two-stroke engines which use a
cross-flow design, the piston is shaped so that the incoming fuel mixture
doesnt simply flow right over the top of the piston and out the exhaust port.
Now the momentum in the crankshaft starts driving the piston back toward the
spark plug for the compression stroke. As the air fuel mixture in the piston is
compressed, a vacuum is created in the crankcase. This vacuum opens the reed
valve and sucks air-fuel mixture from the carburetor.
Once the piston moves up to the end of the compression stroke, the
spark plug fires again to repeat the cycle. Its called a
two-stroke engine because there is a compression stroke and then a combustion
stroke. In a four-stroke engine, there are separate intake, compression,
combustion and exhaust strokes. You can see that the piston is really doing the
following different things in a two-stroke engine：
1. On one side of the piston is the combustion chamber, where the
piston is compressing the air fuel mixture and capturing the energy released by
the ignition of the fuel.
2. On the other side of the piston is the crankcase, where the
piston is creating a vacuum to suck in air fuel from the carburetor through the
reed valve and then pressurize the crankcase so that air fuel is forced into
the combustion chamber.
3. Meanwhile, the sides of the piston are acting like valves,
covering and uncovering the intake and exhaust ports drilled into the sides of
the cylinder wall.
You can now see that two-stroke engines have two important
advantages over four-stroke engines： they are simpler and lighter, and they
produce about twice as much power as four-stroke engines. But why do cars and
trucks use four-stroke engines? There are four main reasons as follows：
1. Two-stroke engines dont last nearly so
long as four-stroke engines. The lack of a dedicated lubrication system means
that the parts of a two-stroke engine wear a lot faster.
2. Two-stroke oil is expensive, and you need about 4 ounces of it
per gallon of gas. You would burn about a gallon of oil every 1,000 miles if
you use a two-stroke engine in a car.
3. Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would get
fewer miles per gallon.
4. Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution. The pollution
comes from two sources. The first is the combustion of the oil. The oil makes
all two-stroke engines smoky to some extent, and a badly worn two-stroke engine
can emit huge clouds of oily smoke. The second is that each time a new charge
of air fuel is loaded into the combustion chamber, part of it leaks out through
the exhaust port. Thats why you see a sheet of oil around any two-stroke boat
motor. The combustion of the leaking hydrocarbons from the fresh fuel and the
leaking oil is real mess for the environment.
These disadvantages mean that two-stroke engines are used only in
applications where the motor is not used very often and a fantastic
power-to-weight ratio is important.
Questions
1. What are the shortcomings of two-stroke engines?
2. Please describe different things that a piston can do in a
two-stroke engine.
3. Why do cars and trucks use four-stroke engines?
Passage Two From Carburetors
to Fuel Injection
Why did the car makers change from carburetors to fuel injection?
The standard reply to this question is that fuel injection provides a better
way to meet government fuel economy and emission standards, which is true. But
equally important is the fact that fuel injection is an all-round better fuel
delivery system.
Fuel injection has no choke, but sprays atomized fuel directly into
the engine. This eliminates most of the cold start problems associated with
carburetors. Electronic fuel injection also integrates more easily with
computerized engine control systems because the injectors are more easily
controlled than a mechanical carburetor with electronic add-ons. Multiport fuel
injection where each cylinder has its own injector delivers a more evenly distributed
mixture of air and fuel to each of the engines cylinders, which improves power
and performance. Sequential fuel injection where the firing of each individual
injector is controlled separately by the computer and timed to the engines
firing sequence improves power and reduces emissions. So there are some valid
engineering reasons as well for using fuel injection.
Types of Fuel Injection
The earliest fuel injection systems were mechanical and were more
complex than carburetors. Consequently, they were expensive and their use was
limited. Chevrolet introduced a Rochester mechanical fuel injection system back
in 1957, and it became the hot setup on Corvettes up through 1967.
The Europeans, however, were the real leaders in fuel injection
technology. Bosch offered an early electronic system on Volkswagen Squarebacks
in the late 1960s and early 1970s. By the early 1980s, almost all of the
European auto makers were using some type of Bosch multiport fuel injection
system.
In the mid-1980s, the domestic auto makers first turned to throttle
body injection as a stop-gap system as they made the transition from
electromechanical carburetors to fuel injection.
Throttle Body Injection TBI
Throttle body injection is much like a carburetor except that theres no fuel
bowl, float, needle valve, venturi, fuel jets, accelerator pump or choke. Thats because
throttle body injection does not depend on engine vacuum or venturi vacuum for
fuel metering. Fuel is sprayed directly into the intake manifold instead of
being siphoned in by intake vacuum.
A TBI fuel delivery system consists of a throttle body with one or
two injectors and a pressure regulator. Fuel pressure is provided by an
electric pump. Its a relatively simple setup and causes few problemsbut
doesnt provide all of the advantages of a multiport or sequential fuel
injection system.
Multiport Injection
The next step up from TBI was multiport injection. Engines with
multiport injection have a separate fuel injector for each cylinder, mounted in
the intake manifold or head just above the intake port. Thus, a four cylinder
engine would have four injectors, a V6 would have six injectors and a V8 would
have eight injectors.
Multiport injection systems are more expensive because of the added
number of injectors. But having a separate injector for each cylinder makes a
big difference in performance. The same engine with multiport injection will
typically produce 10~40 more horsepower than one with TBI because of better
cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution. Injecting fuel directly into the intake
ports also eliminates the need to preheat the intake manifold since only air
flows through the manifold. This, in turn, provides more freedom for tuning the
intake plumbing to produce maximum torque. It also eliminates the need to
preheat the incoming air by forcing it to pass through a stove around the
exhaust manifold.
There are other differences between multiport injection systems. One
is the way in which the injectors are pulsed. On some systems, all the
injectors are wired together and pulse simultaneously once every revolution of
the crankshaft. On the others, the injectors are wired separately and are
pulsed sequentially one after the other in their respective firing order. The
latter approach is more complicated and requires more expensive electronic
controls, but provides better performance and throttle response by allowing
more rapid changes in the fuel mixture.
Questions
1. Why did the car makers change from carburetors to fuel injection?
2. What fuel injection engine types are there in the world now ?
3. What are the differences between two-stroke engines and
four-stroke engines?
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