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『簡體書』水利英语

書城自編碼: 2962532
分類: 簡體書→大陸圖書→外語行业英语
作者: 王莹
國際書號(ISBN): 9787302456292
出版社: 清华大学出版社
出版日期: 2016-12-01
版次: 1 印次: 1

書度/開本: 16开 釘裝: 平装

售價:NT$ 293

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編輯推薦:
1、将通用英语和专业英语相结合,体现了英语学习的实用性、职业性和发展性。2、涵盖水坝、溢洪道、水电站、水利工程建筑、灌溉运行、水文化等六大主题。3、内容丰富,练习形式多样,有利于开展课堂教学和培养资助学习能力。3、可作为水利水电专业大学英语课程的教材。
內容簡介:
本书满足高校行业英语发展需要,内容切合行业实际,体现了英语教学的实用性、职业性和发展性。本书共分八个单元,涉及水坝、溢洪道、水电站、水利工程建筑、灌溉运行和水文化等主题。每个单元包括听力、会话、阅读、词汇、应用文写作等模块,切实培养和提高学生的语言实际运用能力。本书既可作为高等本专科院校的水利水电等专业的专业英语教材,也可以作为相关行业的培训教材,供专业人员自学使用。
目錄
Unit One
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four


Unit Two
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four

Unit Three
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four
Water................................................1

Speaking.................................................................
1
Listening.................................................................
2

Reading
..................................................................5

Treasuring Water
...................................................................5

The Water Resources of China and
SNWTP......................9
Writing..................................................................13


Three Gorges Dam...........................
17
Speaking...............................................................17

Listening...............................................................19


Reading
................................................................21

Three Gorges Dam Ⅰ........................................................21


Three Gorges Dam Ⅱ.........................................................25

Writing..................................................................29


Dams Ⅰ....................................................
33
Speaking...............................................................33

Listening...............................................................35

Reading
................................................................37
A Gravity
Dam......................................................................37
An Arch Dam
........................................................................41
Writing..................................................................45



Unit Four
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four

Unit Five
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four

Unit Six
Section One Section Two Section Three
Passage A Passage B
Section Four
Dams Ⅱ....................................................
49
Speaking...............................................................49

Listening...............................................................51


Reading
................................................................53

The Embankment Dam.......................................................53


The Inflatable Dam
.............................................................57
Writing..................................................................62


Spillways...................................................
65
Speaking...............................................................65

Listening...............................................................67


Reading
................................................................69

A Normal Channel Spillway
................................................69

A Side Channel Spillway
.....................................................74
Writing..................................................................77


Hydroelectricity..................................
81
Speaking...............................................................81

Listening...............................................................83


Reading
................................................................85

Hydroelectricity
....................................................................85

The Three Gorges Hydropower Station
...........................90
Writing..................................................................93
內容試閱
Q: What does the woman think a teacher should be?2M: Have you heard the news?W: No.M: Theres been a terrible air crash.W: Which company?M: Air France.Q: What is the news about?3W: Excuse me. How do you say the word, c-o-m-m-u-n-i-c-a-t-e?M: Communicate.W: I see. Thank you.Q: What are they talking about?4M: Would you like something to drink?W: Just some juice, please.M: How about some coffee? Ive made wonderful coffee.W: No, thanks.Q: What does the woman want?5M: What are you doing in New York?W: Im writing stories for a magazine.M: I see.Q: What is she doing there?5. Listen to the dialogue and finish the answers by filling in the blanks.Reporter: Is it true that you dont swim at all now? Alice White: Im afraid so. Im too old. Reporter: But you are only 20. Alice White: Thats too old for a swimmer. If I swam in an international competition now, I wouldnt win. So Id rather not swim at all. Reporter: But dont you enjoy swimming?Alice White: I used to, when I was small. But if you enter for big competitions you have to work very hard. I used to get up at 6 a.m. to go to the pool. I had to train before school, after school and at weekends. I swam 35 miles every week.Reporter: But you were famous at 15, and look at all those cups.Alice White: Its true that I have some wonderful memories. I enjoyed visiting other countries, and the Olympics were very exciting. But I missed more important things. While other girls were growing up, I was swimming. What can I do now?
6. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be help to you.Water covers around two-thirds of the surface of the earth. The vast expanse of seas andoceans has long been a major source of food and means of travel for mankind. Millions of fish livein the sea. They provide an abundant source of food for us. In the modern age, most of us haveeaten fish and as long as man remains on this planet, we will continue to do so.The rivers, seas and oceans have always provided mankind with an important means of travel. Since ancient times, man has explored the corners of the earth via the sea. Much of what we are today is influenced by these explorers.
Unit Two1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1great 2 low 3 played 4 why 5 orange
6worker 7 Sunday 8 her 9 how 10 heard
2. Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.Everyday in China we waste billions of gallons of water with no regard to the fact that inmany countries across the globe, people would fight to have the water that we waste. Some peopledo not understand the importance of water conservation. If we had to drink the water that some people have to drink everyday, I think that we would all focus a little more on the water that we all, so regretfully, waste in our lives.
3. Listen to the statements and choose the best responses to what you hear.1Hi, Peter, this is my new friend, Tom.
2How are you?
3I want to speak to Wu Dong, please.
4Whats in the bag?
5How often do you watch TV?
6Thank you for your help.
7Whats wrong with you?
8Would you like to come?
4. Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1W: We do need another bookshelf in this room, but the problem is the space for it.M: How about moving the old dinner table to the kitchen?Q: What does the man suggest the woman to do?2M: If I were you, Id like a plane instead of a bus. It will take you a whole day to get there.W: But flying makes me so nervous.Q: What does the woman prefer?3W: I want to look at some hats.
M: OK. Here you are. We have all kinds and sizes.Q: Where are the man and woman talking?4M: If there is anything wrong, please call me back.W: OK, sir. I will look after your baby well.Q: What does the woman do?
5W: Its already 7 00. You should have been here half an hour ago.M: I am sorry. I met a car accident.Q: When should the man arrive?
5.Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.
Waiter: Here are the menus, please.Mr. Wang: Thanks. Let me have a look.Waiter: Ready to order?Mr. Wang: Yes, I think I would like a steak with a green salad.Waiter: Fine. Anything to drink? Bear or wine?Mr. Wang: I like wine better.Waiter: OK. I will be back soon.
6.Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.
The conservation of water is really an global issue that we should all be a part of. It is something that everyone can get behind no matter what your background is, where youve come from, or what your beliefs are. Its a simple fact that conservation water is incredibly important and there are human lives at stake. Just stop and think about how much we take our readily available, clean water for granted. Think about what it would be like to cook with muddy water. What would it be like to bathe in this same dirty water. Now picture that you take your child to a water hole, that you know is probably polluted, to get a drink of the only water that youcan find. For these reasons we all need to step up and make a change. Not only do we need to bemore appreciative of our clean water, we also need to do all we can to get clean water to those who dont have it.
Unit Three1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1next 2 slum 3 five 4 fold 5 horse
6neither 7 throw 8 bees 9 pretty 10 silver
2.Listen to the dialogue and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.
The upstream face of gravity dams is usually made vertical to concentrate the concrete weight at the upstream face where it acts to resist reservoir water loading. Except where additional thickness is required at the crest, the downstream face usually has a constant slope from the top of the dam to the base. The slope will provide an adequate section to meet the stress and stability requirements at the higher elevations unless a large opening is formed in the dam.
3.Listen to the statements and choose the best responses to what you hear.
1Its just the one I want. How much is it?
2Can I help you?
3Im looking for a dress for my mother.
4Do you have apples?
5Id like to try it on. Where is the fitting room?
6May I use my credit card?
7Do come again, please.
8Is there anything you like?
4.Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1 M: If this dress doesnt fit, may I bring it back later?W: Sorry. We dont take returns on sale items.Q: Can he refund it?
2 M:Would you like to pay it in cash or by credit card? We give a ten percent discount for cash payment.W: Then Id like to pay in cash.Q: How is she going to pay?3 M: Is there anything I can do for you?
W: Im looking for a blue, leather handbag.Q: What does she want to buy?
4 M: Do you have any English newspapers?W: Yes, just over there.Q: What does the man mean?5 M: Is somebody taking care of you?
W: No. Id like a long-sleeved shirt in yellow, medium.M: I think were out of your size.Q: What size does she want?
5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.
A: This one fits you very much.B: I think so. How much?A: 300 yuan.
B: Oh! Its too expensive. Can it be discounted?A: 10% discount, 270 yuan.B: Very good! Please pack it for me!A: Please pay it in the paying office.B: Can I pay it with credit card?A: Sorry. We only accept cash here.
B: OK. May I have the receipt?
A: Of course.This is your receipt. Welcome next time!
6. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be help to you.
The thickness of the gravity dam at the crest is usually determined by roadway or otheraccess requirements for the nonoverflow portion. However, it should be adequate to withstand allpossible loadings including ice pressures and impact of floating objects. When additional crest thickness is used, the downstream face is usually vertical from the downstream edge of the crest to an intersection with the sloping downstream face.A batter may be used on the lower part of the upstream face to increase the base thickness and thereby improve the sliding safety at the base. However, unacceptable stresses may develop at the heel of the dam because of the change in moment arm for the concrete weight about the center of gravity of the base. If a batter is used, the stresses and stability should be checked where the batter intersects the vertical upstream face. The dam should also be analyzed at any other changes in slope on either face.
Unit Four1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1 better 2 bear 3 cuff 4 ship 5 cheek
6 vest 7 vat 8 bad 9 seal 10 cot
2. Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.No earth dam can be considered impervious, and some seepage through the dam and its foundation must be expected. If the rate of pressure drop resulting from seepage exceeds the resistance of a soil particle to motion, that particle will tent to move. This results in piping, the removal of finer particles usually from the region just downstream of the toe of the embankment.Contrary to common expectation, there have been more piping failures in dams constructed of clay than in dams constructed of cohesionless 无黏着力的 silt and sand.3. Listen to the questions and choose the best responses to what you hear.1 Do you play football as well as your father?
2 What do you usually do when you are free?
3 Are you a good swimmer?
4 Do you like your PE teacher?
5 How much time do you spend on sports each day?
6 Its a lovely day. Why dont we go for a walk?
7 Shall we go and watch the volleyball game tonight?
8 Which is your favorite sport?
4. Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1 W: You must have had a great time watching the football game last night.M: Not really.Q: How does the man feel?
2 M: I used to take a walk every day after supper.W: What a pity you dont do it now!Q: What does the woman mean?
3 M: You should do morning exercises every day.W: I know, but I hate getting up early.Q: What does the woman mean?
4 M: Did the game start at 2 00 this afternoon?W: Thats right. And when you arrived at 4 30, it was almost over.Q: How long did the game last?
5 W: Jim is a good ping-pong player, and now hes beginning to practice tennis.M: He has also practiced volleyball for three months.Q: Which ball game does Jim play best?5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.W: Its so cold today.M: Yeah, it is really.
W: Shall we still go skating? Why dont we just stay at home?M: Well, I dont think so. We need the exercise.W: You are right there, but we could do some exercise at home.M: Come on, you wont feel cold when you start skating.W: All right, then.M: Lets go.
6. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.Dams are classified on the basis of the type and materials of construction, as gravity, arch, buttress, inflation and embankment. The first three types are usually constructed of concrete. A gravity dam depends on its own weight for stability and is usually straight in plan although sometimes slightly curved. Arch dams transmit most of the horizontal thrust of the water behind them to the abutments by arch action and have thinner cross sections than comparable of withstanding the thrust produced by the arch action. The simplest of the many types of buttress dams is the slab type, which consists of sloping flat slabs supported an intervals by buttresses. Embankment dams are embankments of rock or earth with provision for controlling seepage by means of an impermeable core or upstream blanket. More than one type of dam may be included in a single structure. Long dams often have a concrete river section containing spillway and sluice gates and earth or rock-fill wing dams for the remainder of their length.Unit Five1. Listen carefully and choose the numbers you hear.
2. Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.
1 50 2 140 3 70% 4 200,000,000 5 13 6 78.21 7 380 8 70 9 16% 10 5,500,000,000
A siphon spillway(虹吸式溢洪道)is a closed conduit system formed in the shape of an inverted U, positioned so that the inside of the bend of the upper passageway is at normal reservoir storage level.The initially discharges of the spillway, as the reservoir level rises above normal, are similar to .ow over an over.ow spillway. Siphon action takes place after the air in the bend over the crest has been exhausted. Continuous .ow is maintained by the suction effect due to the gravity pull of the water in the lower leg of the siphon. Siphon action will continue until the water level in the reservoir drops to the elevation of the upper lip of the siphon entrance, unless a vent is provided at a higher level.3. Listen to the questions and choose the best responses to what you hear.1 What does Mr. Brown do for a living?
2 Bill, may I use you dictionary?
3Is there anything wrong with the car?
4Hi, Nancy, what do you think of the movie?
5Why did you come by taxi instead of driving your own car?
6Excuse me, how can I get to the post office?
7What does Mary look like?
8How can I get to the town center?
4. Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1 M: Mary, did you see my tape?W: I put it on the table.Q: What is the boy looking for?
2 W: Mr. Peterson, how did the party go last night?M: We had a wonderful time.
Q: What does the man think of the party?3 M: Here we are, madam. This is Beijing Hotel.W: Thank you. How much should I pay you?Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?4 M: Will Dr. Whites lecture begin at 1 40 or 2 oclock?W: It would begin at 1 50 and finish in 2 hours.Q: When will the lecture begin?
5 M: Did you hear that Mike had his arm broken?W: Yes. He was injured in a car accident.Q: What happened to Mike?
5. Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.M: Li Hua, is that you?W: Yes. You are Wang Hai, arent you?M: Yes, thats right. You changed a lot!W: Really? How?M: You used to be short. Now youre tall.W: Yes, I am.
M: You used to have short hair. Now you have long hair.W: Yes, thats right.M: And you used to wear glasses.
W: Yes, I still do. But today I have contact lenses.M: You used to play the piano, didnt you?
W: No, I played the guitar. My friend Jerry played the piano.M: Oh, yes. I forgot.
6. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.Most siphon spillways are composed of five component parts. These include an inlet, an upper leg, a throat or control section, a lower leg, and an outlet. A siphon-breaker air vent is also provided to control the siphon action of the spillway so that it will cease operation when the reservoir water surface is drawn down to normal level. Otherwise the siphon would continue to operate until air entered the inlet.A siphon spillway can be formed of concrete or from steel pipe. Because of the negative pressure prevalent in the siphon, the structure wall thicknesses should be sufficiently rigid to withstand the collapsing forces. In order to prevent absolute pressures within the conduit from approaching cavitations or collapsing pressures, the total drop of the siphon should be limited to a maximum of 20 feet.
Unit Six1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1boss 2 cough 3 fought 4 row 5 lock
6took 7 shore 8 pile 9 mood 10 nail
2.Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power station produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When the demand becomes greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and pull the daily capacity factor of the generation system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in listings.
3.Listen to the statements and choose the best responses to what you hear.
1Is the weather always like this?
2Do you think it will rain?
3Whats the weather forecast for today?
4Whats the temperature today?
5How do you like the weather?
6Why didnt Paul come to school today ?
7I left my raincoat in my room. Wait when I go back to get it.
8How many degrees below is it?
4.Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1 W:I wish we had taken an umbrella.
M: Thats my fault. I thought it wouldnt rain today.Q: What happened to the two speakers?2 M: The streets are covered with snow.
W:Thats true. It has been snowing for a whole day.Q: Whats the weather like?3 M: Its very cold this morning.
W:Youre right. Its much colder than yesterday.Q: Whats the weather like this morning?4 M: Is it still snowing outside?
W:Yes, it is. Wed better wait until it stops.Q: Whats the weather like now?5 M: What a terrible day, isnt it?
W:Yeah, we havent had such cold weather for a long time.Q: What do we know about the weather?
5.Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.
A: Was it cold last winter?B: Yes.A: Did you have much snow?
B: Yes, of course we didnt have as much snow as you had in Geneva.A: What about the other seasons?
B: Autumn is the most beautiful season. The days are clear and dry. The nicest months are September and October, but we had a lot of rain in November.A: How about last spring?
B: It wasnt very nice. May was nicer than March and April. March was cold and April was wet.A: Is it always hot in summer?
B: It wasnt hot last year. But the summer has been marvelous this year.A: Is August as hot as July?B: No, its cooler and drier.
6.Listen to the passage and f ill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for generation at that moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage in choosing sites for run-of-the-river.A tidal power station makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use waters kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations around the world.
Unit Seven1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1third 1 shore 3 sheet 4 thin 5 share
6sign 7 so 8 tap 9 tame 10 dip
2.Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.
Since the primary function of reservoirs is to provide storage, their most important physical characteristic is storage capacity. Capacity of reservoirs on natural sites must usually be determined from topographic surveys. An area-elevation curve is constructed by planimetering the area enclosed within each contour within the reservoir site. The integral of the area-elevation curve is the elevation-storage, or capacity, curve for the reservoir. The increment of storage between two elevations is usually computed by multiplying the average of the areas at the two elevations by the elevation difference. The summation of these increments below any elevation is the storage volume below that level.
3.Listen to the questions and choose the best responses to what you hear.
1How are you feeling now?
2Whats your trouble?
3Have you had any operations before?
4What sort of medicine should I take?
5Do you cough?
6How long have you been like this?
7Have you lost weight these days?
8Hows your sleep?
4.Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1 M: Take a walk every day is good for your health, especially when the weather is fine.W:Exactly.Q: What does the woman mean?2 W:You should give up smoking, Jack.M: Ill do everything but that.Q: What does the man mean?
3 M: Please sit down. Whats the matter with you?W:Recently Ive been feeling tired and cant sleep well.Q: Whats the probable relationship between the two speakers?4 M: Take the pill three times a day right after meals, and each time takes four.W:Thanks a lot, doctor.
Q: How many pills should the patient take for one day?5 M: Whats wrong with you, Helen?
W:Nothing wrong. Ive just come for medical check-up.Q: What does the woman want to do in the hospital?
5.Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.
Man: Now, whats the matter with you, madam? Woman: Ive got a sore throat and a headache. Man: Do you feel tired? Woman: Yes, my whole body feels weak. I really feel terrible. Man: Im sorry to hear that. Ill have to examine you. Open your mouth wide so that I can look at your throat. Yes. Its very red. It looks sore. Ill have to give you an injection. Woman: Can you give me some pills? Man: An injection is better than pills. Woman: Are you sure? I hate injections.Man: But I advise you to have an injection first. Its more effective.Woman: Will I be able to go out tomorrow?Man: Probably, if you rest today.Woman: Good. Ill sleep today so that Ill be able to go out tomorrow.
6. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.A water-supply, irrigation, or hydroelectric project drawing water directly from a streammay be unable to satisfy the demands of its consumers during low flows. This stream, which maycarry little or no water during portions of the year, often becomes a raging torrent after heavy rains and a hazard to all activities along its banks. A storage, or conservation, reservoir can retain suchexcess water from periods of high flow for use during periods of drought. In addition to conserving water for later use, the storage of floodwater may also reduce flood damage below the reservoir. Because of the varying rate of demand for water during the day, many cities find it necessary toprovide distribution reservoirs within their water-supply system. Such reservoirs permit water-treatment or pumping plants to operate at a reasonable uniform rate and provide water from storage when the demand exceeds this rate.
1. Listen carefully and choose the words you hear.1fell 2 plane 3 flight 4 dean 5 charge
6expense 7 warmer 8 spoil 9 mood 10 seat
2.Listen to the short passage and choose the proper words to fill in the blanks.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming.
3.Listen to the questions and choose the best responses to what you hear.
1Would you mind passing the cup, please?
2What did you think of the book?
3Wheres Miss Black at the moment?
4Excuse me, but is it eight oclock yet?
5What are those skirts made of?
6May I use your phone for a minute?
7Do you want beef or lamb?
8Whats the matter with him?
4.Listen to the dialogues and choose the best answer to each question you hear.
1 M: Do you have a double room?
W:Yes, we have a nice room on the fourth floor.Q: Where is the man now?
2 W:What happened to you? Youre so late.M: My car broke down on the highway, and I had to walk.Q: Why did the man have to walk?3 M: Is this 615 Fifth Street?W:No, its 516 Sixth Street.Q: What is the man looking for?4 W:I like Johns house.M: Yes, but Toms is nicer.
Q: Whose house does the man like better?5 M: Excuse me. Does this bus go to London Street?W:Sorry, Im a stranger here.Q: What does the woman mean?
5.Listen to the dialogue and answer the following questions by filling in the blanks.
Tom: Hello, Nancy. Why are you standing here in the cold wind? Nancy: Im waiting for a bus, but the buses are very full at this time of the day. Tom: Where are you going? This isnt your way home. You must take a bus from the other side of the street to go home. Nancy: But Im not going home now. Im going for a walk in the park. Tom: Going for a walk in such cold weather? Nancy: I always like to go for a walk before supper. Tom: I see. Then why are you going by bus? Why not go to the park on foot? It isnt very far from here. Nancy: Oh, no, Tom. But it isnt very interesting to walk through the street. In fact, its very boring. So I always take a No. 3 bus to go to the park.
6.Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with words you hear. Some new words given below will be of some help to you.
The oldest known hydraulic engineer of China were Sun Shuao 6th century BC of the Spring and Autumn Period and Xi Menbao 5th century BC of the Warring States period, both of whom worked on large irrigation projects. In the Sichuan region belonging to the State of Qin of ancient China, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in 256 BC to irrigate an enormous area of farmland that today still supplies water. By the 2nd century AD, during the Han Dynasty, the Chinese also used chain pumps that lifted water from lower elevation to higher elevation. These were powered by manual foot pedal, hydraulic waterwheels, or rotating mechanical wheels pulled by oxen. The water was used for public works of providing water for urban residential quarters andpalace gardens, but mostly for irrigation of farmland canals and channels in the fields.
决方法等。
中国的水资源包括平均每年 2 711.5立方千米的江河径流和 828.8立方公里的地下水补充。因为水泵只能从附近河中抽水,所以可用水资源达不到地表和地下水总量,仅仅有2 821.4立方公里,而这些(可利用)水资源的 80%在中国南方。中国专家已对未来和当前水资源短缺做出了预警。2030年当中国人口数量达到峰值时,水资源的利用预计也将达到最高峰。鉴于中国 80.9%的水资源分布在南方,长江以北地区将尤其受到影响。在中国北方, 10 000年前的地下蓄水层已被开发利用,结果导致一些地区的地面开裂和地表沉降。
作为解决中国水荒的方法,大规模的调水已为中国计划师们倡导多年。南水北调工程(SNWTP)是中华人民共和国一个持续数十年的大型基础设施建设项目。它的最终目标是每年从中国南方的长江通过三大渠系引进 448亿立方米淡水进入更干旱和工业化的北方。这三大渠系是:通过大运河河道的东线,通过汉江(长江的一个支流)上游河段引流到北京、天津的中线,以及从巴颜喀拉山脉附近的三个支流引水到青海、甘肃、陕西、山西、内蒙古和宁夏的西线。
Unit TwoPassage A
三峡大坝( Ⅰ)三峡大坝工程是一项长江水控工程。长江三峡大坝位于湖北省宜昌市三斗坪附近西陵峡的中端,是世界上最大的水利工程。三峡大坝创造了诸如 洪水控制最有效大坝施工工程最难大坝以及最大移民工程等许多世界第一。大坝工程由挡水坝段、电站坝段和航运坝段组成。大坝高达 607英尺( 185米)。整个工程于 1992年开工建设,历时 17年完工,经历了三个施工阶段。第一阶段从 1992年到 1997年,历时五年。在这个阶段,一期围堰施工和导流渠开挖工程完成。同时,河左岸的临时船闸和一些准备工作相继完成。第二阶段从 1998年到 2003年,工期六年。在第二阶段,二期围堰、永久性船闸和航运建筑完成;左岸的电站设备施工和机器安装也在这个时期完成。第三阶段从 2003年到 2009年,所有机器的安装、电站施工、右岸大坝修建全部在这个阶段完成。此时,一个 3 861平方英里的峡谷水库大坝呈现在世人面前。就装机容量( 2 250万千瓦)而言,三峡大坝是世界上最大的水电站;就每年的电能生产而言,它拥有世界最大的水电运行设备 2013年发电量达 837亿千瓦时, 2014年达 989亿千瓦时。巴西和巴拉圭交界处的伊泰普水电站在 2013年和 2014年的发电量分别为 986亿千瓦时和 878亿千瓦时。Passage B
三峡大坝( Ⅱ)除了升船机,自 2014年 7月 4日起,地下电站最后的主水轮机开始发电标志着三峡大坝(电站)工程完工并进入全部运营状态。每台主水轮机的装机容量为 70万千瓦。三峡大坝坝体于 2006年完工。与大坝相连的 32台主机(水轮机)连同供给电厂自身的两台较小的发电机(5万千瓦)一起使三峡电站的总装机容量达到 2 250万千瓦。除了发电外,增加长江船运能力、通过提供洪水蓄存空间以减少下游潜在洪水威胁也是兴建三峡大坝的意图所在。伴随着三峡大坝建设中具有最先进技术的大型水轮机的设计以及由此推动的限制温室气体在中国的排放,三峡工程(项目)被认为是一个历史性工程,是社会和经济的双重成功。然而,由于修建大坝淹没了众多具有考古意义和承载文化的遗址,迁出了 130多万居民,并引发了重大的生态变化,包括增加了山崩的危险,三峡大坝无论在国内还是国外依然是一个具有争议的话题。三峡大坝为钢筋混凝土重力坝,全长 2 335米,坝顶比海平面高 185米。整个工程使用了 27 200 000立方米的混凝土(主要用于大坝墙体施工),463 000吨的钢筋(能够建成 63个埃菲尔铁塔),同时运走了 10 260 000立方米的土石。混凝土坝墙高于岩基 181米。当三峡大坝水位达到海平面 175米(574ft)的最高水位时,比下游河道水位高出 110米。三峡大坝水库的平均长度为 660公里,宽度 1.12公里,总蓄水库容量为 393亿立方米,总水体表面积为 1 045平方公里。建成完工后,与水库面积为 1 350平方公里的伊泰普水电站相比,三峡大坝水库淹没总面积为 632平方公里。
Unit ThreePassage A
重力坝重力坝是以混凝土或浆砌石为材料进行设计,以自重来抵消作用在它上面的水产生的水平压力来进行挡水的大坝。重力坝设计过程中每个坝段都是稳定的,并独立于其他坝段。典型重力坝包括非溢流坝段和溢流坝段或溢洪道。1.重力坝常以构成自身结构的材料分类(1)混凝土重力坝。
●常规混凝土重力坝
按照常规,浇筑大体积混凝土重力坝的施工特点是:材料的使用在技术控制上遵循大体积混凝土的比例、混合、加工处理和温度控制规范。设计和建设大体积混凝土重力坝历经多年,施工过程中采用的技术方法现已成熟完善。常规混凝土(在浇筑过程中)水泥的水化(热)过程需要限制混凝土浇筑的尺寸和速度,并且在大块体积浇筑上必须满足裂缝控制要求。通常,在浇筑过程中使用大号粗骨料、低坍落度混凝土比例,这样既经济,又能够保持良好的施工性能,同时在水泥水化过程中可以维持最低温度,从而使(混凝土的)强度、抗渗性和耐久性等重要特性得以实现。●碾压混凝土重力坝
碾压混凝土是混凝土的一种特别混合物。本质上,它所用的材料与常规混凝土基本相同,但比例有所不同;另外,材料中要采用粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥进行水泥部分的替换。碾压混凝土是水泥 粉煤灰、水、沙子、骨料、普通添加剂的混合物,但是,其中只有相当少的水。碾压混凝土大坝采用类似的方式铺设,混凝土材料采用自卸卡车或运输带进行传送,然后用推土机或特别改良的沥青摊铺机铺开,最后用振动压路机压实。(2)浆砌石重力坝。
(3)中控重力坝,由钢筋混凝土建成。
2. 重力坝按外形分类(1)大部分重力坝为直体重力坝。
(2)一些浆砌石重力坝与混凝土重力坝坝轴线弯曲通过拱的作用增加稳定性(重力拱坝)。3. 重力坝按照结构高度分类
(1)低坝,100英尺以内。
(2)中高坝,100英尺到 300英尺之间。
(3)高坝,超过 300英尺。
Passage B
拱坝重力拱坝(或拱形坝)具有拱坝和重力坝的共同特征。坝体以窄曲度凸向上游,将大部分的水压力导向峡谷岩墙,从而使坝体受力减小。它混合了两种坝型(重力坝和拱坝)的优点,被认为是两种坝型的折中。坝体构成材料有常规混凝土、碾压混凝土或浆砌石。除了溢洪道部分,重力拱坝不用钢筋。(重力坝需要大量钢筋作为内部填充。)重力拱坝比单纯的重力坝薄,并且几乎不需要内部填充。重力拱坝属于大规模混凝土坝,通过自身重力和拱的作用来抵抗洪水的冲击力。重力拱坝设计成弯曲拱形,在峡谷中狭窄的、边坡石岩坚硬的多岩位置上可有效控制来水转向,并在此将来水迫进窄小渠道。因此拱坝跨距窄小;坝体拱度设计能有效控制水库中来水,使用的建筑材料也较少。在恰当的位置、合适的选址上,重力拱坝承载了重力坝和拱坝的双重稳固特性,同时又因为它庞大而持久的外观激发了最多的公信力。但无论如何,曲形重力坝可能看上去更坚固,有一些影响可能只是坝型选择操作时的心理因素。重力拱坝是一种相对薄的、曲形的混凝土结构,凹面向着下游。于是,对着峡谷岩墙的水压力挤压坝拱,这样压缩加强了拱本身结构并使其固着于地面。在一个有着陡峭岩墙的多山地区的峡谷中建筑拱坝是一种很好的坝型选择。但无论如何基础和坝肩的岩床必须保证可靠承载水压力。一个平面上多于一个连续拱的坝型称为多拱坝;一个在水平和垂直两个面上都是曲形的坝型称为双曲拱坝。
Unit FourPassage A
土石坝土石坝是一个体积庞大的人造工程。它的典型施工特征是:由一种复合半塑型土填充压实而成,而这种复合半塑型土包括壤土、沙子、黏土和石子等各种材料成分。大坝有一个半透水材料构成的防水天然外壳作为表层,同时还有一个密实不透水的心墙,使大坝不会透水到坝表面或者发生渗漏侵蚀。这种大坝是由碎片状的各自独立的材料颗粒组合在一起形成的,通过颗粒间的摩擦与相互作用,而不使用任何黏合剂使它们结合成一个稳定的庞然大物。土石坝有两种类型:由土壤压实建成的土坝和由石料填充压实建成的石坝。一个土石坝横断面的外形像一个大堤或小山。大部分土石坝都有一个由不透水材料组成的用于阻止水从大坝渗出的中心部分或核心。核心(部分)的材料可以是黏土、混凝土或者是沥青混凝土。这种大坝类型对于宽阔的峡谷地带而言是一个很好的选择。土石坝可以建在坚硬的岩石基础上,也可以建在松软的土基上。对于石坝来说,所填石料要通过炸药爆炸碎裂石块;另外,石块可能还要被压的更小以获得用于筑坝的合理的尺寸(序列)。(1)土坝
作为土石坝中的土坝可以这样分类认定:如果其使用的压实土壤超过总体材料填充量的 50%即为土坝。土坝施工主要选择工程土。施工中在注意控制土壤水分含量的情况下,要采取一致、集中、相对薄层地压实完成。(2)石坝
在石坝中,从横断面可以看到一个与石料不同的一小部分不透水的压实填土,或者是一层薄混凝土,或是沥青薄膜。(筑坝预计)有超过 50%的分级石料填充时,设计修建石坝是合适的。土石坝类型的选择依赖于需要开挖部分的可用材料和可以外运的可用材料。这里应该注意,石料填充(有时)可以按土壤填充方式施工,这取决于石料的物理属性,此时石料还不坚硬并且能够形成快速级配类型。松软的、开挖和填筑时容易破碎的石料也可以列为土(填充)坝类型。坚硬的、非常难已破碎的岩石被看作是石(填充)坝类型。土石坝的选择和设计基于设计者的判断和经历,且很大程度上是经验的丰富程度。稳定和渗漏分析的各种计算方法主要用于核准工程师(之前)的判断。Passage B
橡胶坝橡胶坝由密封的、可充气的、固定在跨河道修建而成的混凝土基础上的橡胶涂层织物管道组成。它通过充气和水,或者二者混合物膨胀升高。当橡胶坝膨胀达到最高设计高度时,从某种意义上来说,橡胶坝对水的拦截发挥作用就像其他固定的大坝一样。不管怎样,它能够完全排出气体然后塌陷下来,在暴风雨期间允许最大径流通过,从而减少上游淹没区域,同时也使沉积物、碎片、冰块等得以通过。最早的橡胶坝安装于 1957年的美国和 1964年的日本。没有人知道美国橡胶坝的规格标准。于是,日本橡胶坝的标准就成为这一时期的参考。典型的橡胶坝的规格通常为:高度少于 10英尺,长度少于 200英尺。然而,高度超过20英尺,长度不做限制也是可能的。橡胶坝的使用年限大约为三十年,适合在各种条件下安装。在导流建筑物、控制洪水的节制建筑物、溢流堰、闸板、闸门置换、水闸、控制闸、磨蚀栅栏等水利工程中都有应用。橡胶坝使用过程中需要考虑的重要问题:●最大溢流深度(指高度)。如果水的溢流高度超过了一定限度,溢流脉动可能会对橡胶坝产生不利的震动。
● V切口效应。当空气作为橡胶坝的填充物时,坝体气体排放期间 V切口就形成了,这将导致水流集中并且很难控制在一个期望的水位和流速上。 V切口的位置应该被控制,否则它可能出现在坝体任何位置,甚至到处移动。由于所有的水流都集中在 V切口位置,所以(设计时)一定要做出这个区域的磨蚀保护计划。
●水位变化与坝体变形。上下游水位的变化会使坝体变形,造成的结果是,坝体高度也随之改变。
●波浪影响。由于波浪作用使坝体动摇不定,可能导致坝体和配件磨损。除了预防对坝体的破坏外,泥沙的影响、维修以及人为破坏也是橡胶坝维护中需要经常注意的问题。
Unit FivePassage A
正槽溢洪道溢流从水库通过一个置于坝肩的开敞式渠道或马鞍(地带)直接流向下游河中,正槽溢洪道也叫陡槽溢洪道。正槽溢洪道的主要优点是:(1)设计简单;(2)适用于所有类型基础;(3)在土石坝修建过程中,大量的溢洪道开挖材料得以应用可以使总成本降低。构成
正槽溢洪道通常包括进水渠(基准线或直或弯)、控制段、泄槽(陡槽)、消能段和尾水渠。1. 如果需要的话,确保进口渠道的横断面水流倾向没有流速,这样可以节省渠底铺石成本。
2. 渠首(控制段)在结构设计上可以有闸门也可以无闸门。宽顶堰、反弧曲线形,或者低堰可以被采用作为控制段外形。
3. 泄槽段的设计可以依据库水流向大坝下游河道过程中的自然情况、开挖情况,或者岩石结构情况。泄槽坡度可以根据泄槽长度的多种多样,按照其自然坡度设计。尽管可能比较陡,但通常 3% 8%的坡度被视为正常的设计范畴。
1.边墙。当进水渠、泄水渠和消力池的两边使用挡土墙时,挡土墙的设计应该考虑到它们所承受的所有可能的荷载组合,例如回填土压力、土壤或岩石压力、水压力、额外活荷载压力、扬压力以及由于地震引起的水平方向的或垂直方向的外力等。
2. 渠底衬砌。为了避免(溢流对渠底的)冲蚀,渠底岩床应该用一些保护性材料进行衬砌,通常采用混凝土衬砌。进水渠、泄槽和消力池常需衬砌。
建筑要求
溢洪道溢流期间,溢洪道渠底衬砌要经受各种压力如由于水自身重量产生的静水压力,由于过流冲击产生的动水压力,由于沿渠底边界面压力降低产生的上举力,或者由于接缝或裂隙导致渗漏产生的扬压力。当没有溢流时,渠底衬砌要经受由于温度变化产生的膨胀和收缩过程以及冻冰和解冻的交替过程,同时还要经受风化和化学突变以及沉降和膨胀的影响,或者也要经受由于地下渗流或地下水位升高产生的扬压力。Passage B
侧槽溢洪道以土坝和石坝为例,当使用直接泄水的溢洪道不可能或不可取时,侧槽溢洪道成为主要使用类型。侧槽溢洪道布置在大坝一侧,它有一个溢洪道前端和溢洪道下游引水槽,下面是陡槽或陡渠。大多数情况下平面图上的侧槽溢洪道是直的,并且或多或少垂直于坝轴线;在有闸门的溢洪道中,后一种情况是确定的。(侧槽溢洪道)控制堰沿溢洪道泄水渠侧面的布置近似平行于溢洪道泄水渠上面的部分。流过堰顶的水流流入对着堰体的狭窄水槽,然后转过一个大约合适的角度,继续流入主泄流渠道。侧槽溢洪道泄流的特征与正槽溢洪道的泄流相似,除了在高位泄流时水流可能会部分淹没堰顶。这种溢洪道既不能有效解决水压力,成本也并非很低,但是它有以下优点:(1)一个较窄的泄槽或者说渠槽可以布置于险峻的坝肩,溢流堰沿着等高线布置而不是穿过等高线,(因此)开挖量大大降低;(2)较长的溢流堰可用于限制泄流强度(大小)。溢洪道前端通常像正槽溢洪道一样进行设计。溢流堰堰顶形状设计依据所用堰型、水头大小、堰的高度(它影响靠近的水流流速)和上游面的坡度。在大多数情况下,常采用标准的反弧形溢流堰。泄槽的深度、宽度、槽底坡度必须以此为依据进行设计,甚至(需考虑)出现最大洪水,泄洪以自流形式通过整个水平溢流堰堰顶的情况,以便水库水位不因泄槽泄水而受到影响。
Unit SixPassage A
水电水电是一个术语,是指由水能(经转换)产生的电。电能的产生(有效)利用了水自身下落的重力和流动。它是可再生能源最广泛的应用形式。 2010年,全球水力发电 34 270亿千瓦时,占全球发电总量的 16%,预计未来 25年中,水力发电每年大约将以3.1%的速度增长。
全球利用水力发电的国家有 150个,(据统计)2010年亚太地区水力发电占全球水力发电的 32%。中国是最大的水电生产国, 2010年产电 7 210亿千瓦时,大约占国内总电量的 17%。水力发电成本相对较低,这使它成为一种很有竞争力的再生能源。它也因为电站产电量能够迅速上下变化从而适应变化中的电力需求被称为灵活能源。然而,建设大规模大坝和水库涉及移民和野生物安置问题。不过,一旦一个水电建筑群施工完成,工程运行不再有直接浪费,产生的温室气体二氧化碳的排放量比起利用矿物燃料产电的电厂要低得多。大型设备
拥有世界上最大的电力生产设备的电站普遍被视为大型水力发电站,其中一些水力设备的发电能力超过目前最大核电站装机容量的两倍。尽管对大型水力发电站的发电功率范围还没有官方定义,但超过几十万千瓦的发电设备通常被认为是大型水力发电设备。小水电
小水电是水力发电(功能)的拓展,用于服务小型社区及工业工厂。小水电工程的定义各种各样,但是,当发电量达到 1万千瓦时是其被称作小水电通常能够接受的极限。小水电站可以作为低成本的再生能源与常规配电网联网。作为一种选择,小水电工程也可以建在偏远区域,(此举)是因其与电网的连接服务不是一种经济行为,或者在这一区域没有国家配电网。因为小水电工程通常只需要建立极小的水库,土木建筑工程也极少,所以对比大型水电,它们被视为对环境影响相对较小的工程,并且对环境影响的降低相当程度上依赖于河川径流量与电力生产之间的平衡。微水电
微水电 是一个术语,用于代表产电量达 100千瓦的水电装置。这种装置可以把电能提供给独立的家庭或社区,或者有时也接入电网。全世界有许多这样的装置(微水电),尤其在发展中国家,因为小水电可以提供经济的能源而不用购买燃料。微水电(也)补充了光电太阳能系统(供电)的不足,因为在许多地区,冬天当太阳能位于最低值时,水流和可利用的水电可达到最高值。Passage B
三峡水电站三峡水电站由中国长江三峡集团公司的一个上市子公司中国长江电力股份有限公司管理。长江三峡大坝(电站)是世界上最大装机容量的水电站,拥有 34台发电机32台主机,每台装机容量 70万千瓦;2台供给电厂自身的发电机,每台装机容量 5万千瓦,合计装机容量 2 250万千瓦。 32台主发电机中, 14台安装于北侧坝段, 12台在南侧坝段,其他 6台安装于大坝南面山里的地下电厂,预期年发电量将超过 1 000亿千瓦时。发电机主发电机每台重大约 6 000吨,设计电力生产能超过 70千瓦。发电机设计水头为 80.6米(264英尺)。流速变幅在 600 900立方米每秒之间( 21 000 cu fts 34 000 cu fts),视水头情况而定。水头越高,达到满功率需要的水量越少。三峡电站使用了弗朗西斯水轮机。水轮机直径 9.710.4米(VGS联营体供货 Alstom供货),转速为 75转每秒。额定功率 77.8万伏安,最大 84万伏安,功率因数为 0.9,发电机发电 20 000伏。发电机定子外直径是 21.420.9米,内径是 18.518.8米,最大定子高度是 3.13米。轴承负载力为 5 0505 500吨,平均效率 94%,最高达 96.6%。发电机安装进程北侧坝段 14台主发电机现已全部工作。其中第一台( 2号机)于 2003年 7月 10日发电,随着 2005年 9月 7日 9号机发电机安装启用,北侧发电机全部运行,当 2008年 10月 18日水位达到 156米高程时达到满功率运行状态( 980万千瓦)。南侧坝段的 12台主发电机现也已开始发电。 2007年 6月 11日 22号机开始工作, 2008年 10月 30日 25号机工作。第六台( 17号机)于 2007年 12月 18日工作,发电达到 1410万千瓦,最终超过了伊泰普电站( 1 400万千瓦),成为世界上装机容量最大的水电站。当最后的 27号机完成测试,电站总装机容量达到 2 250万千瓦时, 2012年 5月 23日六台地下主机也全部处于运行状态。经过九年的建设、安装与测试,三峡电厂现已全部工作运行。
Unit SevenPassage A
水库和水库应用(Ⅰ)水库是一个自然形成或人工修建而成的大型湖泊、蓄水池,或是一个用大坝或水闸拦蓄形成的储水设施。水库可以通过控制排水溪流修建而成,也可以利用大坝修建在河谷中。另外,水库也可以通过开挖平地或者挡土墙、防水堤修建而成。直接供水
许多拦河筑坝的水库为水处理厂提供原水,处理后通过主管道为各处输送净化水。这种水库不仅需要拦蓄来水,也是水处理过程的第一步。水被拦截之后到排放之前这一过程是众所周知的滞蓄时间。这一设计特点允许颗粒和泥沙沉淀;这也是为自然生活在水中的藻类、细菌和浮游生物进行生物处理设计的时间。无论如何,温带水库(湖泊)的自然湖泊过程使水产生分层,有利于在夏季几个月里将诸如锰、磷等一些元素分解开并进入深处和低温的缺氧水层;而在秋季和冬季,库水(湖水)的各种元素就完全混合在一起了。干旱时,有时抽取低温的底层水是必需的,此时水中锰含量的升高会给水处理厂带来问题。发电
2005年,世界上 33 105座大坝(超过 15米高)中的 25%被用于发电。水库发电是通过大直径管道与蓄存库水相连的水轮机。这些发电设备可以在坝基处,又或者与坝体分开。在一个平坦的河谷,水库需要足够深度以创建水轮机需要的水头;如果遇到干旱,水库需要储存足够的水以保障年度水流量的平均值。河床式发电因为有陡峭的河谷和连续不断的水流(流动)而不需要修建水库。一些水库发电需要使用水泵抽水补给。在电力需求较低的时间里,使用高性能电动泵将高位水库蓄满水,然后当电力需求升高时,利用这些蓄水发电,即把这些储存水释放到低位水库。这种系统叫作水泵储水方案系统。Passage B
水库和水库应用(Ⅱ)控制水路
水库可以在许多方面用于控制通过下游河道的水流走向。游水供给:库水可以从一个高地水库被放出,以便分流提供饮用水给下层系统,有时是几百英里外的下游。灌溉:水库中用于灌溉的水可以放水入渠网(系统)进行农田灌溉,或进入二级水系。灌溉也可以是水库支持(供水),保持河流水位,并允许库水分流进入下游河流进行灌溉。洪水控制:众所周知,作为 缓流或平衡的水库,洪水控制水库在降水量大时蓄水,然后在接下来的几周或几个月慢慢放水。一些洪水控制水库跨河沿线修建,向前的流水由孔板控制。当河水水流超过孔板控制的容量时,坝内的水量增多,但是河水流速一旦降低,坝内的水就慢慢下泄直至水库再次放空。在一些情况下这种水库十年内仅发挥几次这样的功能,水库所在区域可以作为社区和娱乐健身场所而发展起来。新一代 平衡水库正在兴起,目的是抵御可能的气候变化带来的结果,它们也被称作蓄滞水库。由于这些水库可能会保持干涸状态很久,所以可能会有黏土心墙的干燥(现象出现),因此降低了它的结构稳定性。作为黏土的替代材料,一种由循环材料制成的组合心墙正被开发。渠道:来自自然水渠的水不能被分流进入渠道,修建水库可以保障渠水水位。例如,渠水可以通过闸门提升(水位)跨越山脉。水流平衡
水库可以被有效管理用于控制水流(流量),水量大时蓄水,水量小时放水。只要适当使用溢洪道控制水位而不必抽水就可以完成这项工作。当有大暴雨来临时,大坝管理者要计算因暴雨增加的入库流量。如果预计暴雨降水将溢满水库,水库需提前以及在暴雨期间慢慢放水。如果有充分的前置时间,大暴雨将不会使水库爆满,下游地区也将不会经受水灾。
Unit EightPassage A
灌溉(Ⅰ)灌溉是给土地或土壤的人为供水。它用于帮助农作物生长、风景区维护和干旱地区扰动土的再种植以及在不充足降雨周期期间的再种植。此外,灌溉在种植业领域还有其他作用,其中包括用于保护植物防御霜冻,在麦田区抗御杂草以及防止土壤固结。相比之下,仅仅依靠直接降雨的农业被称作雨养耕作或旱地耕作。灌溉(这里指灌水)系统也被用于除尘、处理下水道和采矿。灌水常以排水一起研究,排水是自然的或人为的进行地表水和地下水的排放。灌溉以农业为核心发挥其作用已经有 5 000多年历史,并且成就了许多文化产品。从历史上看,从亚洲到美国西南部,它是经济和社会(社区)横跨全球的基础。灌溉类型
根据水源地取水方式的不同,灌溉技术有多种不同类型。一般而言,灌溉的目标是均匀地用水浇灌田地,让每一株植物都获取它需要的水量,既不太多,也不太少。地面灌溉
在地面(犁灌,漫灌,同高水池)灌溉系统中,水流经过农作物田地表面,目的是使土地湿润并渗入土壤。地表灌溉可以再细分为犁灌、长畦灌或水池灌。当灌溉呈淹没耕地状态或接近淹没耕地状态时经常被称为漫灌。历史上,这是最通用的农田灌溉方式,至今世界大部分地区仍在使用。水位(高度)由堤坝和灌溉水源的允许水位控制,通常由土壤填堆而成,这是常见的水稻梯田。它的用水方式是漫灌,或在每一个彼此分隔开的地块上控制水位(灌溉)。在某些情况下,可以采取抽水(灌溉),或者通过人力或畜力抬高水位灌溉。这种田地的地表灌溉水效比其他灌溉形式通常要低些,但是经过恰当的管理,其潜能效率可达 70%90%。Passage B
灌溉(Ⅱ)局部灌溉
局部灌溉是一种灌溉系统。水通过管网在低压力下以预定模式被分配、并以少量水去灌溉每一株植物或者其邻近区域。滴灌、喷灌或微喷灌以及涌泉喷灌都属于这种灌溉方式。地下织网灌溉
地下织网灌溉是一个特别为从沙地到重黏土的所有结构的土壤而设计的(灌溉)技术。典型的地下织网灌溉系统有一个不透水的基层(通常是聚乙烯或聚丙烯),滴灌线路沿着这个基层布设,一个土工布隔泥层置于滴灌线上部,最后,在隔泥层上方布置一个精密的不透水层。与标准的滴灌不一样,地下织网灌溉中滴管上滴头的间距并不是非常重要,因为土工布从滴头沿其布置送水可以达到 2米。滴灌(或微)滴灌
滴灌或微滴灌,又名细流滴灌,其功能顾名思义。在这一系统中,水刚好一滴一滴地滴在植物根部位置,并被送到植物的根上或根部区域附近。如果管理适当,这种灌溉大约是最有效的灌溉方法。因为蒸发和水流损失被限制了。若管理到位,田地滴灌典型的用水效率在 80% 90%之间。在现代农业中,滴灌通常结合塑料盖层以减少蒸发,这也是输送肥料的方法。这个过程被看作是滴灌施肥。如果一个滴灌系统运行了相当长的时间或者输水流量相当高,深层渗透(灌溉)就可以进行。通过这种灌溉,水渗透至植物根部以下的区域。滴灌方法从利用高科技的电脑控制,到低技术的人工密集型,应有尽有。除了低能耗中心枢轴系统和地面灌溉,滴灌比其他灌溉形式所需的水压还要低,而且,这种灌溉系统可以被设计成均匀地遍布一块田地(的形式),或者,在一个包含不同混合植物的风景区,被设计成精确地把水输送到个体植物(的形式)。尽管在陡坡上控制压力很难,但可以使用压力补偿滴头。因此,灌溉田地不必是水平的。高科技措施包括沿着管线布置精密的标准化滴头,且这些滴头连接着一套由计算机操纵的真空管。
3. The following contains the main information of a notice of the Public Relations Department of a joint-venture(合资企业). You are required to write an English notice based on the following points.[参考范文]
NoticeWe are preparing to celebrate the 15th anniversary of our company. Due to the efforts andhard work of all our staff, our company is now classified as one of the first leading companies in the same field both in scope and profits. To celebrate our achievement, we will hold a series ofactivities. Your suggestions and proposals are welcome and those being accepted will be awarded.Please hand in your proposals to our office.Public Relations Section
archaeological [.ɑ.ki..l.d.ik.l].adj.考古学的,考古学上的(2B)
arid [..rid].adj.干旱的;干燥的(1B)artificial [.ɑti.fi..l].adj.人造的,人工的(4A)
Asia [.ei..].n.亚洲(6A)asphalt [..sf.].n.沥青,沥青混合料( 3A)assist [..sist].v.帮助(8A)attenuation [..tenju.ei..n].n.变薄;弄细;
减少(7B)available [..veil.b].adj.可用的(1A)average [..v.rid.].n.平均(2B)
B
bacteria [b.k.ti.ri.].n.细菌(7A) balance [.b.l.ns].n.平衡(6A) bank [b..k].n.岸边;银行(2A) barrier [.b.ri.].n.障碍;栅栏(4B) basis [.beisis].n.基础(2B) bedrock [.bed.r.k].n.基岩(3B) bind [baind].v.捆绑,约束;装订;结合(4A)
biological [.bai..l.d.ik].adj.生物的,生物学的(7A)bituminous [bi.tjumin.s].adj.含沥青的
(4A)blast [blɑst].v.爆炸(4A)blend [blen].v.& n.混合,掺杂(3A)broad [br.d].adj.广泛的,宽阔的(5A)buckling [.b.kli.].n.弯曲;膨胀(5A)bulldozer [.buld.uz.].n.推土机(3A)
Ccalculate [.k.lkjuleit].v.计算(7B) canal [k..n.l].n.运河;沟渠(1B)canyon [.k.nj.n].n.峡谷(2A)capacity [k..p.siti].n.容量(2B)case [keis].n.情况(5B)category [.k.tig.ri].n.范畴(8B)cease [sis].v.停止(1A)cement [si.ment].n.水泥(3A)channel [.t..nl].n.渠道(2A)characteristic [.k.rikt..ristik].n.特征( 5B)characterize [.k.rikt.raiz].v.具有的
特征,塑造人物(3A)characterize [.k.rikt.raiz].v.有的特征,塑造人物(2A)check [t.ek].v.检查(1A)chemical [.kemik.l].adj.化学的(1A)chute [.ut].n.泄槽,流槽;槽沟(5A)civil [.sivl].adj.市民的;文明的(6A)classification [.kl.sifi.kei..n].n.分类;分
级;类别(3A)clay [klei].n.黏土,泥土(4A)climate [.klaimit].n.气候(7A)cofferdam [.k.f.d.m].n.围堰,沉箱( 2A)combat [.k.mb.t].v.与斗争;防止;
减轻(7B)combination [.k.mbi.nei..n].n.结合;联合体(5A)combine [k.m.bain].v.使结合,使化合
(3B)commodity [k..m.diti].n.商品(1A)commonly [.k.m.nli].adv.通常地,一般
地(5A)community [k..mjuniti].n.社区(6A)compaction [k.m.p.k..n].n.压实,压紧
(4A)compare [k.m.p..].v.对比(2B)
compensate [.k.mp.nseit].v.抵消;补偿,赔偿(8B)competitive [k.m.petitiv].adj.有竞争力的
(6A)complement [.k.mplim.nt].n.补充(6A)complete [k.m.plit].v.完成(2A)completion [k.m.pli..n].n.完成(2B)complex [.k.mpleks].adj.复合的;复杂的
(4A)
component [k.m.p.un.nt].n.组成;要素(5A)compose [k.m.p.uz].v.组成;构成(2A)composite [.k.mp.zit, -zait].adj.混合的
(7B)composition [k.mp..zi..n].n.成分(4A)compress [k.m.pres].v.压缩,压紧;精简
(3B)compromise [.k.mpr.maiz].n.折中(3B)computerized [k.m.pjut.raizd].adj.计算机
化,计算机的(8B)
concave [.k.n.keiv].n.凹面 adj. 成凹形(的)(3B)concrete [.k.nkrit].n.混凝土(2A)condition [k.n.di..n].n.情况( 5A)confirm [k.n.f.m].v.证实,确认;批准
(4B)connect [k..nekt].v.连接(6A)consequence [.k.nsikw.ns].n.结果(7B)conserve [k.n.s.v].v.保护;保藏;保存
(1A)consider [k.n.sid.].v.考虑(4B)consolidation [k.n.s.li.dei].n.巩固(8A)
constant [.k.nst.nt].adj.不断的,持续的(7A)construct [k.n.str.kt].v.构成;修建,建造(3A)
construction [k.n.str.k..n].n.施工(2A)consumption [k.n.s.mp..n].n.消费( 1A)contain [k.n.tein].v.包含,包括(2B)content [k.ntent; k.n.tent].n.内容;容量;
满足 adj. 满足的(4A)contiguous [k.n.tigju.s].adj.连续的;邻近的(3B)contour [contour].n.等高线(5B)contraction [k.n.tr.k..n].n.收缩,缩减
(5A)control [k.n.tr.ul].v.控制(2A)controversial [.k.ntr..v...l].adj.有争议的,
引起争议的(2B)conventional [k.n.ven..nl].adj.传统的,常规的(3A)convey [k.n.vei].v.表达,传达;传递( 5A)conveyor [k.n.vei.].n.传送装置(3A)couple [.k.pl].v.连在一起;连接(2B)course [k.s].n.线路;课程(1B)crack [kr.k] v.裂开,断裂 ] n.裂隙
(3A)create [kri.eit].v.产生,创造(4A)create [kri.eit].v.产生,创造(7A)create [kri.eit].v.创造(2A)crest [krest].n.山顶;鸡冠 v. 加上顶饰
(5A)critical [.kritik.l].adj.关键的,极重要的(8B)crop [kr.p].n.农作物,庄稼(8A)
crush [kr..].v.挤;被压碎(4A) cubic [.kjubik].adj.立方体的(1B) cultivate [.k.ltiveit].v.耕作;种植(8A) cultural [.k.lt..r.l].adj.文化的(2B) cure [kju.].n.治愈 v. 加工处理(3A) current [.k.r.nt].adj.当前的(1B) curvature [.k.v.t..].n.曲率;弯曲(3B) curve [k.v].v. 使 弯曲(3A)D
dam [d.m].n.坝(2A) damage [.d.mid.].v.破坏(7B) debris [.debri, .deib].n.碎片,残骸(4B) deflate [di.fleit].v.排气;使塌陷(4B) deflation [di.flei..n].n.紧缩;风蚀;塌陷(4B) deflect [di.flekt].v.偏转,变向(3B) deform [di.f.m].v.变形(4B) deliver [di.liv.].v.传送,递送(7A) demand [di.mɑnd].n. & v.要求(1B) dense [dens].n.密度 adj. 稠密的( 4A) deplete [di.plit].v.耗尽,用尽;使枯竭( 1A) depth [dep].n.深度(4B) design [di.zain].n.设计(2B) design [di.zain].v. & n.设计;绘制(3A) desire [di.zai.].n.渴望,希望 v. 要求(4B) detention [di.ten..n].n.扣押;阻留( 7B) deterioration [di.ti.ri..rei..n].n.恶化,退化;变坏(5A)
detrimental [.detri.mentl].adj.不利的,有害的(4B)developing [di.vel.pi.].adj.发展中的( 6A)diameter [dai..mit.].n.直径(6B)
dike [daik].n.堤坝,排水沟(8A)dimension [di.men..n].n.尺寸;容积( 4B)direct [di.rekt, dai.rekt].adj.直接的(6A)direct [di.rekt].v.指示方向;把对准( 3B)directly [di.rektli].adv.直接地(1A)discharge [dis.t.ɑd.].n.流出;流量( 5A)discrete [dis.krit].adj.分离的;不相关联
的(4A)displace [dis.pleis].v.移动,移走( 2B)disposal [dis.p.uz.l].n.处理(8A)distinct [dis.ti.kt].adj.明显的,清楚的;
有区别的(8A)distribute [dis.tribjut].n.分配;散布( 8A)distribution [.distri.bju..n].n.分配,分布
(6A)diversion [dai.v...n].n.转向,转移( 2A)divert [di.v.t].v.使转移(7B)domestic [d..mestik].adj.国内的;家庭的( 6A)domestically [d..mestik.li].adv.在国内( 2B)downstream [.daunstrim].adv.下游地(2B)drain [drein].v.排水,流干(7A)drainage [.dreini].n.排水系统;排水( 8A)dripper [.drip.].n.滴头(8B)drought [draut].n.干旱(7A)durability [.dju.r..biliti].n.耐久性(3A)dynamic [dai.n.mik].adj.动态的,动力的
(5A)Eearth [.].n.土(2B)ecological [.ek..l.d.ik.l].adj.生态(学)的(2B)economic [.ik..n.mik].adj.经济的(1B)
economy [i.k.n].n.经济,节约(5A)
effect [i.fekt].v.使发生 n. 效果,影响(3B)effectively [i.fektivli].adj.有效地(3B)efficiency [i.fi..nsi].n.功效,效率(8A)efficient [i.fi..nt].adj.有效的(2A)electric [i.lektrik].adj.电的(2B)electricity [ilek.trisiti].n.电(2B)element [.elim.nt].n.要素; [化 ]元素
(7A)
elevated [.eliveitid].v.升高的;提高的(7A) embankment [im.b..km.nt].n.堤防,筑堤(4A) emission [i.mi..n].n.排放(2B) emitter [i.mit.].n.发射器;滴头(8B) empirical [em.pirik.l].adj.凭经验的( 4A) energy [.en.d.i].n.能量(2A) engineering [.end.i.ni.ri.].n.工程(2B) enlarge [in.lɑd.].v.扩大,扩展(7A) ensure [in..u.].v.确保(1A) entire [in.tai.].adj.整个的( 5B) entrance [in.trɑns].n.入口(5A) environmental [in.vai.r.n.mentl].adj.环境的(1B)
erosion [i.r.u..n].n.糜烂;烧蚀;腐蚀,侵蚀(4A)essentially [i.sen..li].adv.本质上,根本
上(3A)evaporation [i.v.p..rei..n].n.蒸发(1A)excavation [.eksk..vei..n].n.挖掘,开凿
(2A)exceed [ik.sid].v.超过,超越(4B)
exception [ik.sep..n].n.例外,除外( 4B)exist [ig.zist].n. & v.存在(1A)existing [ig.zisti.].adj.现存的;目前的
(7A)expansion [iks.p.n..n].n.扩张,扩大( 5A)expect [iks.pekt].v.期待,预期(1B)experience [iks.pi.ri.ns].n.经验(4A)expert [.eksp.t].n.专家(1B)explore [iks.pl.].v.探索(1B)explosive [iks.pl.usiv].n.爆炸物;炸药( 4A)extend [iks.tend].v.延伸;扩大(8B)extinguish [iks.ti.g].v.熄灭(1A)extremely [iks.trimli].adv.极端地(1A)
Ffabric [.f.brik].n.织物;(建筑物的)结构(4B)facility [f..siliti].n.设备;设施(2A)fall [f..l].v.落下(6A)farmland [.fɑml.nd].n.农田,耕地(7B)fatigue [f..tig].n.疲劳,疲乏(4B)fertigation [.f..ti.gei..n].n.滴灌施肥( 8B)fertilizer [.f.ti.laiz.].n.肥料,化肥(8B)
fitting [.fiti.].n.装配;配件(4B)flexible [.fleks.bl].adj.灵活的;弹性的(6A)
flood [fl.d].n.洪水 v. 淹没(2A)fluctuation [.fl.ktju.ei..n].n.波动;涨落;动摇不定(4B)flume [flum].n.水槽,斜槽(5B)follow [.f.l.u].v.跟随,接着;采用( 5A)force [f.s].n.力(5A)forecast [.f.kɑst].n.预报(7B)
form [f.m].n.形式(1A)
formation [f..mei..n].n.形成,构成;结构(5A)fossil [.f.sl].n.化石(6A)foundation [faun.dei.].n.基础(3B)fragmented [fr.g.mentid].adj.成碎片的;
片段的(4A)Francis [.frɑnsis].n.弗朗西斯(人名)(6B)freezing [.frizi.].n.冻结;结冰(5A)frequently [.frikw.ntli].adv.往往;频繁
地(5B)friction [[.frik..n].n.摩擦(4A)frost [fr.st, fr.st].n.霜冻,结霜(8A)fuel [fju.l].n.燃料(6A)function [.f..k..n].n.功能(1A)function [.f..k..n].v.运行(2B)furrow [.f.r.u].n.皱纹;犁沟(8A)
G
gate [geit].n.闸门 v. 给安闸门(5A)generally [.d.en.r.li].adv.一般地,通常(5A)
generate [.d.en..reit].v.产生;发生( 2A)generation [.d.en..rei..n].n.产生(2A)generator [.d.en.reit.].n发电机(6B)generator [.d.en.reit.].n.发电机,发生器
(2B)
geotextile [.d.i.u.tekstai].n.土工织物,隔泥纺织物料(8B)globe [gl.ub].n.球状物;地球(8A)gorge [gorge].n.山峡,峡谷(2A)gradient [.greidi.nt].n.梯度,陡度,坡度
(5A)gravitational [.gr.v..tei..n.l].adj.重力的(6A)gravity [.gr.viti].n.重力,万有引力( 3A)greenhouse [.grinhaus].n.温室(2B)guarantee [.g.r.n.ti].v.保证(7B)
Hhistoric [his.t.rik].adj.历史性的(2B)historically [his.t.rik.li].adv.在历史上,从历史角度(8A)horizontal [.h.ri.z.ntl].adj.水平的,同阶
层的 n. 水平面(3A)hydration [hai.drei..n].n.水化(作用)(3A)hydraulic [hai.dr.lik].adj.水力的,水压的
(5B)hydroelectric [.haidr.i.lektrik].adj.水力发电的(2A)hydroelectricity hydro [.br..d].n.水电,
水力发电(6A)hydropower [.haidr.upau.].n.水电(2A)hydrostatic [.haidr.u.st.tik].adj.静水力学
的(5A)Iidentify [ai.dentifai].v.确定;识别(1A) impact [.imp.kt].n.冲击(6A) impermeability [im.p..mi..bil.ti].n.抗渗性(3A)impermeable [im.p.mj.bl].adj.不可渗透的( 4A) impervious [im.p.vj.s].adj.不可渗透的(4A)impingement [im.pind.m.nt].n.侵犯;冲击;反跳(5A) implementation [.implimen.tei..n].n.安装启用(6B)
impound [im.paund].v.蓄水;将关起来(6B)impoundment [im.paundm.nt].n.蓄水( 7A)inadequate [in..dikwit].adj.不充足的;
不适当的(8A)include [in. klud].v.包括(1B)incorporate [in.k.p.reit].v.包含;吸收(3A)increase [in.kris].v.增长(1A)increasingly [in.krisi.li].adv.越来越多地;
格外(3A)independent [indi.pend.nt].adj.独立的( 3A)indirectly [.indi.rektli].adv.间接地(1A)individual [.indi.vidju.l].n.个人;个体( 1A)industrial [in.d.stri.l].adj.工业的(1A)industrialized [in.d.stri.laizd].adj.工业化
的(1B)
inexpensive [.iniks.pensiv].adj.不贵的,便宜的(5B)infiltrate [in.filtreit].v.(使)渗透,(使)
渗入(8A)
inflatable [in.fleit.bl].adj.可膨胀的 n. 可充气物品(4B)influence [.influ.ns].v.影响(5B)infrastructure [.infr..str.kt..].n.基础设施
(1B)
ingredient [in.gridi.nt].n.因素,组成部分;原料(3A)inspire [in.spai.].v.激励,鼓舞(3B)install [in.st.l].v.安装(2A)install [in.st.l].v.安装;安置(4B)installation [.inst..lei..n].n.安装(2A)intend [in.tend].v.意欲;计划;为特殊目
的而设计(2B)intensity [in.tensiti].n.强度;烈度(5B)intensively [in.tensivli].adv.强烈地;集中
地(4A)interaction [.int.r..k..n] n.相互作用( 4A)internal [in.t.nl].adj.内部的; n. 本质
(3B)involve [in.v.lv].v.涉及(6A)irrigation [.iri.gei..n].n.灌溉(7B)isolated [.ais.leitid].adj.隔离的;孤独的;
偏远的(6A)issue [.i.ju].n.问题;注意事项(4B)
Jjoint [d..int].n.接合处(5A) judgment [.d..d.m.nt].n.判断(4A)Lland [l.nd].n.土地(2N)landscape [.l.ndskeip].n.风景,地形( 8A)landslide [.l.ndslaid].n. [地 ]山崩(2B)latter [.l.t.].adj.后者的;末了的(5B)lawn [l.n].n.草地,草坪(1A)lax [l.ks].adj.宽松的;不严格的(1B)leak [lik].n.漏水(1A)leakage [.likid.].n.泄漏(5A)length [le.].n.长(2B)levee [.levi].n.堤防(7A)limit [.limit].v.限制(2N)limnological [.limn.u.l.d.ik.l].adj.湖泊学
的,湖沼学的(7A)lining [.laini.].n.衬砌(5A)load [l.ud].v.(使)负荷;装载(3N)loading [.l.udi.].n.装载量,负载(5A)
locate [l.u.keit].v.位于(2A) location [l.u.kei..n].n.位置(4N) lock [l.k].n.水闸(7A)M
machinery [m...in.ri].n. 总称)机器( 2A)main [mein].adj.主要的 n. 主要管道(7A)maintenance [.meintin.ns].n.维护;维修;
维持(8A)major [.meid..].adj.主要的(5A)manganese [.m..g..niz, .m..g.niz].n. [化 ]
锰(7A)
masonry [.meisnri].n.石工工程;砖瓦工工程(3A)massive [.m.siv].adj.大规模的,重的
(3B)material [m..ti.ri.l].n.材料(3A)maximum [.m.ksim.m].n.最大值(2B)mean [min, min].n.平均数(1B)meanwhile [.minwail].adv.同时(2A)measure [.me..].n.措施(1B)megawatt [.meg.w.t].n.兆瓦(6A)membrane [.membrein].n.隔膜;(动植
物的)薄膜( 4A)merely [.mi.li].adv.只是,仅仅(7A)micro [.maikr.u].adj.极小的,微小的( 6A)migration [mai.grei..n].n.迁移;移居( 2A)mine [main].v.采矿(8A)minimal [.minim.l].adj.极小的(6A)minimize [.minimaiz].v.把减至最低数
量(1A)minimum [.minim.m].n.最低限度;最小量(6A)
mix [miks].v.混合;(使)结交,相容( 8B) moisture [.m.ist..].n.水分;潮湿(4B) monolith [.m.n.uli].n.独块巨石;整体塑制品(3A)mound [maund].n.土堆(4A)move [muv].n.& v.开动;移动;推动( 2N)mulch [m.lt.].n.覆盖层,覆盖物(8B)multiple [.m.ltipl].adj.多重的;多个的
(3B)Nnarrow [.n.r.u].v.变窄;收缩(3B)navigation [.n.vi.gei..n].n.航海;航运(2A)nearby [.ni.bai].adj.附近的(1B)necessitate [ni.sesiteit].v.使 成为必
要;强迫(3A)network [.netw.k].n.网,网络(6A)notch [n.t.].n.刻痕;( V字形的)[槽口 ]
v. 切(4B)nuclear [.njukli.].adj.原子核的,原子能的(6A)Oobtain [.b.tein].v.获得,得到(5A)obvious [..bvi.s, -vj.s].adj.明显的(1A)occur [..k.].v.发生(8B)official [..fi..l].adj.官方的(6A)ogee [..ud.i].n.弯曲; S形;反弧形( 5A)onward [..nw.d].adj.向前(的),前进
的(7B)operation [..p..rei..n].n.操作,经营( 3B)operational [..p..rei..nl].adj.操作的,运
行的(6B)operator [..p.reit.].n.操作员;经营者( 7B)
opposite [..p.zit].adj.对面的,相对的(5B)ordinarily [..din.rili].adv.按说,平常地(5A)
organism [..g.niz.m].n.有机体,生物体(1A)orifice [..rifis].n.孔,洞(7B)
outlet [.autlet, -lit].n.出口,出路(5A)output [.autput].n.输出,产量 v. 排放(6A)
overall [..uv.r.l].adj.全部的,全体的(5A)overfill [..uv..fil].v.把装得溢出(7N)overflow [..uv..fl.u].n.溢流(5B)overflow [..uv..fl.u].v.溢出;泛滥(3A)oversight [..uv.sait].n.监督;照管(1B)
P
Pacific [p..sifik].n.太平洋(6A)paddy [.p.di].n.稻,谷(8A)partial [.pɑ..l].adj.部分的(3A)particle [.pɑtikl].n.微粒,颗粒(4A)particularly [p..tikjul.li].adv.尤其(1B)partition [pɑ.ti..n].v.分割,分开(7A)passage [.p.sid.].n.一段;通路(4B)pattern [.p.t.n].n.模式(8B)pave [peiv].v.铺设;为铺平道路
(3A)peak [pik].n. & v.(达)峰(值)( 1B)percolation [.p.k..lei..n].n.渗漏,过滤,
浸透(8B)period [.pi.ri.d].n.时期(2A)permanence [.p.m.n.ns].n.永久,持久
(3B)permanent [.p.m.n.nt].adj.永久的(2A)perpendicular [.p.p.n.dikjul.].adj.垂直的(5B)pervious [.p.vj.s].adj.可渗透的(4A)phosphorus [.f.sf.r.s].n. [化 ] 磷,磷光体
(7A)photovoltaic [.f.ut.uv.l.teiik].adj.光电池的(6A)pitching [.pit.i.].n.铺地石(5A)pivot [.piv.t].n.枢轴,中心点 v. 使绕
枢轴旋转(8B)placement [.pleism.nt].n.安置,放置;定位(4A)plan [pl.n].n.平面图,示意图(5B)plane [plein].n.平面;飞机(3B)plastic [plɑstik].v.塑料的(8B)plug [pl.g].n.塞子;插头 v. 填塞( 8A)plumbing [.pl.mi.].n.水管装置(1A)pollution [p..lu..n, ].n.污染(1B)polyethylene [.p.li.eilin].n.聚乙烯(8B)polypropylene [.p.li.pr.upilin].n.聚丙烯
(8B)pond [p.nd].n.池(7A)population [.p.pju.lei..n].n.人口(1A)portion [.p...n].n.一部分(5B)possible [.p.s.bl].adj.可能的(5A)potential [p..ten..l].n.潜力 adj.潜能的
(2B)precious [.pre..s].adj.珍贵的(1A)precipitous [pri.sipit.s].adj.险峻的;多悬
崖的(5B)precise [pri.sais].adj.精确的(8B)predict [pri.dikt].v.预示(1A)
preparation [.prep..rei..n].n.准备(2A)present [.prez.nt].n.礼物;现在 adj. 出席的 [pri.zent] v. 呈现,(2A)prevent [pri.vent].v.预防;阻止(4B)producer [pr..djus.].n.生产者(6A)production [pr..d.k..n].n.生产(2B)profile [.pr.ufail].n.外形,轮廓(5A)progress [.pr.ugres].n.进展;前进;增长
(6B)project [.pr.d.ekt].n.计划;工程项目( 2A)property [.pr.p.ti].n.特性,属性;财产
(3A)
proportion [pr..p...n].n.比;比率 v. 使成比例(3A)protective [pr..tektiv].adj.保护性的( 5A)provide [pr..vaid].v.提供(2B)province [.pr.vins].n.省(1B)province [.pr.vins].n.省(2A)psychological [.saik..l.d.ik.l].adj.心理的,
精神上的(3B)
pulsation [p.l.sei..n].n.脉动,搏动;震动(4B)pump [p.mp].v.抽水(1B)purchase [.p.t..s].v.购买,采购(6A)
Qquality [.kw.liti].n.质量(1B) quantity [.kw.ntiti].n.数量(1B)R
rainfall [.reinf.l].n.降雨(8A) raise [reiz].v.升起;举起(4B) range [reind.].n.(山脉,房屋等的)排列(7B)range [reind.].n.范围(6A)rapid [.r.pid].adj.快速的(1B)rapidly [.r.pidli].adv.迅速地(1B)rate [reit].n.速度,比率(1A)ratio [.rei.i.u].n.比例(3A)recharge [.ri.t.ɑd.].n.补充;再装填( 1B)recreation [rekri.ei..n].n.娱乐(1A)recreational [.rekri.ei..n.l].adj.娱乐性的
(7B)recycle [.ri.saikl].v.重复利用(7B)reduce [.ri.saikl].v.降低(2B)reduction [ri.d.k..n].n.减少,降低( 5A)region [.rid..n].n.地区(6A)regulate [.regjuleit].v.调节;调整(8B)regulation [regju.lei..n].n.规则;管理( 1B)reinforce [.riin.f.s].v. & n.加固,强化( 3B)relatively [.rel.tivli].adv.相对地(4A)release [ri.lis].n.& v.释放;发布(1A)remain [ri.mein].n.剩余(6B)removal [ri.muv.l].n.搬迁;免职;移走
(8A)renewable [ri.nju..bl].adj.可再生的( 6A)represent [.repri.zent].v.表现;象征,代
表(6A)require [ri.kwai.].v.需要(5A)requirement [ri.kwai.m.nt].n.需要(5A)reservoir [.rez.vwɑ].n.水库(2A)resist [ri.zist].v.抵抗,忍耐,反对(3A)respond [ris.p.nd].v.回应;响应(1B)responsibility [ris.p.ns..biliti].n.责任( 1A)retain [ri.tein].v.保持(5A)retention [ri.ten..n].n.保留,滞留(7A)
reuse [.ri.juz].v.再利用(1A)
revegetation [.ri.ved.i.tei..n].n.再生长;再种植;绿化(8A)reverse [ri.v.s].v.(使)反转( 1A)revolution [.rev..lu..n].n.旋转,运行;公
转(6B)rinse [rinse].v.冲洗(1A)risk [risk].n.风险( 2B)rock [r.k].n.岩石(2B)rotation [r.u.tei..n].n.旋转,转动(6B)route [rut].n.(路)线(1B)
S
saddle [.s.dl].n.(马)鞍(5A)scale [skeil].n.规模(6A)scarce [sk..s].adj.缺乏的;罕见的( 1A)scarcity [.sk..siti].n.稀少,不足(1A)scheme [skim].n.策划,设计;体系( 7A)seal [sil].v.密封 n. 印章(4B)secondary [.sek.nd.ri].adj.第二(级)的
(7B)section [.sek..n].n.部分(2A)sediment [.sedim.nt].n.沉淀,沉积物( 4B)seep [sip].v.渗透,渗出(4A)seepage [.sipid.].n.渗漏,渗液(4A)seismic [.saizmik].adj.地震的(5A)serve [s.v].v.服务(1A)settlement [.setlm.nt].n.沉降;定居点
(5A)severe [si.vi.].adj.严重的(1B)sewage [.sju.id.].n.污水;下水道( 8A)shave [.eiv].v.剃胡子(1A)shortage [...tid.].n.短缺(1B)
significant [sig.nifik.nt].adj.重要的,值得注意的(2B)significantly [sig.nif.k.n].adv.重要地;较大地(4A)
silt [silt].n.淤泥,泥沙(4B)simplicity [[sim.plisiti].n.简单,朴素( 5A)situate [.sitjueit].v.使位于,使处于
地位(3B)situation [.sitju.ei..n].n.情况(1A)slender [.slend.].adj.苗条的;微薄的
(4A)slope [sl.up].n.斜坡,斜率(5A)slump [sl.mp].n.暴跌;低潮状态; 土
地 下沉(3A)soak [s.uk].v.浸透,吸入(1A)social [.s.u..l].adj.社会的(2B)society [s..sai.ti].n.社会(8A)soil [s.il].n.土壤(1A)solar [.s.ul.].adj.太阳的(6A)solution [solution].n.解决(1B)solvent [.s.lv.nt].n.解决方法(1A)source [s..s].n.资源(1A)span [sp.n].n.共轭;跨度(2A)species [.spi.iz].n.物种;种类;类型( 8B)spillway [.spilwei].n.溢洪道(3A)square [skw..].n.平方;广场(2B)squeeze [skwiz].v.挤;紧握(3B)stable [.steibl].adj.稳定的(3A)stable [.steibl].adj.稳定的(4A)stage [steid.].n.阶段;舞台 v. 上演
(2A)standard [.st.nd.d].n.标准(4B)
stator [stator].n.定子(6B)steel [stil].n.钢(2B)steep [stip].adj.陡峭的,险峻的(3B)storage [.st.rid.].n.贮存,贮藏(2B)storm [st.m].n.暴风雨(4B)stratification [.str.tifi.kei..n].n.分层( 7A)strength [stre.].n.力量;优点;力度( 3B)strengthen [.stre..n].v.加强,巩固( 3B)stress [stres].v.强调;给压力(1A)structural [.str.kt..r.l].adj.结构的(5A)structure [.str.kt..].n.结构(3A)subdivide [.s.bdi.vaid].v.再分,细分( 8A)submerge [s.b.m.d.].v.淹没(5B)subsidence [.s.bsid.ns].n.下沉;沉淀物
(1B)
subsidiary [s.b.sidj.ri].n.附属机构,子公司(6B)substitution [.s.bsti.tju..n].n.替换(3A)success [s.k.ses].n.成功(2B)sufficient [s..fi..nt].adj足够的,充足的
(7B)sum [s.m].n.总数(1B)supplement [.s.plim.nt].v.增补(7B)suppress [s..pres].v.压制,阻止的生
长(8A)
surcharge [s..t.ɑd.].n.超载;额外费用(5A)surface [.s.fis].n.(地)表(1B)surpass [s..pɑs].v.超过(6B)survive [.sist.m].v.幸存;活下来(1A)system [.sist.m].n.系统(1A)
Ttap [t.p].n.水龙头(1A)technique [tek.nik].n.技术(3A)technological [.tekn..l.d.ik.l].adj.技术的
(1B)temperate [temperate].adj.温和的(7A)temperature [.temprit..r].n.温度(7A)temporary [.temp.r.ri].adj.临时的(2A)tension [.ten..n].n.紧张,不安(4B)term [term].n.条款;术语;学期(2A)terminal [.t.minl].adj.终端的,末端的
(5A)terrace [.ter.s].v.修成梯田(8A)terrain [.terein].n.地形,地势;地面( 4A)texture [.tekst..].n.质地;结构(8B)thawing [..i.].n.解冻,融雪(5A)thereby [.e...bai].adv.由此,从而(4B)therefore [.e..f.].adv.因此(1A)thrust [r.st].v.猛推 n. 推力(3B)thus [e.s].adv.因此(1B)topic [.t.pik].n.话题(2B)total [.t.utl].adj.总的(1B)transfer [tr.ns.f.].n. & v.转移;调动( 1B)translate [tr.ns.leit].v.翻译(1B)transportation [.tr.nsp..tei..n].n.运输( 1A)treasure [.tre..].v.珍惜(1A)treatment [.tritm.nt].n.处理(7A)tributary [.tribjut.ri].n.支流(1B)trickle [.trikl].n.滴,细细地流(8B)trough [.tr.f].n.水槽(5B)tunnel [.t.nl].n.隧道(5B)turbine [.t.bain].n.汽轮机,涡轮机( 2B)
type [taip].n.类型(5A)
U ultimately [..ltim.tli].adv.最终;基本上(1B)underground [..nd.graund].n.地下(2B)undertake [..nd..teik].v.担任;保证;着手(2A)
uneconomic [..nik..n.mik].adj.不经济的;不赚钱的(6A)uniformly [.junif.mli].adv.一致地(4A)
unlimited [.n.limitid].adj.无限的(4B)unnecessary [.n.nesis.ri].adj.不必要的(1A)
unused [..n.juzd].adj.还没有用的(7B)uplift [.p.lift].v.举起,隆起(5A)upstream [..p.strim].n.上游(3B)utilize [ju.tilaiz].v.利用;使用(3A)
Vvalve [v.lv].n.阀,真空管(8B)
vandalism [.v.nd.liz.m].n.人为破坏,捣毁(4B)variation [.v..ri.ei..n].n.变化(5A)vary [.v..ri].v.变化,不同(5A)velocity [vi.l.siti].n.速率,速度(5A)vertical [.v.tik.l].adj.垂直的,竖立的(3B)vibration [vai.brei..n].n.颤动,振动;共
鸣(4B)volume [.v.ljum].n.体积;音量;量( 7B)Wwastage [.weistid.].n.浪费(1A)waste [weist].n.浪费(6A)watercourse [.w.t.k.s].n.水道;河道( 4B)waterproof [.w.t.pruf].adj.不透水的,防
水的(4A)watertight [.w.t.tait].adj.不漏水的,防渗的(1A)weathering [.wee.ri.].n.侵蚀;风化,雨
蚀(5A)weed [wid].n.杂草;大麻(8A)weir [wi.].n.坝,堰(4B)width [wid].n.宽(2B)width [wid].n.宽度(5B)wildlife [.waildlaif].n.野生动植物(6A)withstand [wie.st.nd].v.经受,承受;反
抗(3B)woe [w.u].n.灾难(1B)workability [.w.k..biliti].n.可加工性,可
使用性(3A)worsen [.w.sn].v.(使)恶化(1A)
Yyard [jɑd].n.码(2A)Zzooplankton [.z.u..pl..kt.n].n.浮游动物(7A)
Phrases and ExpressionA a large extent of很大程度上(4A) a number of 大量的(1B) a large volume of大量的(3B) adapt to适应(6A) a mound of 一堆(4A) add to加到里(7B)
anoxic water缺氧水(7A)applied as应用(8B)artificial application of water人工供水
(8A)as a result结果,因此( 4B)as well as也,既又,此外(1B)at times有时,间或(7A)average efficiency平均效率(6B)average out达到的平均数(7A)
Bbased on基于(4A) be blasted被炸(4A) be categorized被分类(4A) be charged with承担(1A) be composed of由组成(4A) be crushed被压碎(4A) be dependent on依赖于(5B) be referred to被提及,涉及(4B) be regarded as...被认为(2B) be similar to相似于(5B) be subjected to遭受,经历(5A) bearing load轴承负载(6B) belong to属于(8B) border strip irrigation长畦灌(8A) broad crested weir宽顶堰(5A) bubbler irrigation涌泉喷灌(8B) build out增建(1B) build up加大,加强,增多(7B)C
canyon-reservoir dam峡谷水库大坝( 2A) car wash洗车处(1A) carbon dioxide 二氧化碳(6A) cementing substance黏合剂(4A) check structure节制建筑物(4B) China Three Gorges Corporation中国长江三峡集团公司(6B)coarse aggregate粗骨料,粗集料,粗骨粒(3A)consist of包括(3A)control structure控制结构(控制段)(5A)counting for对负有责任,占 比例
(6A)cultural site文化遗址(2B)
Ddam axis坝轴线(3A)depend on依靠,依赖(1A)design feature设计特点,结构特点( 7A)disturbed soil扰动土 壤 ,回填土( 8A)diversion channel导流渠(2A)diversion structure导流建筑物(4B)double-curvature arch damdraw down撤回(7A)drinking water饮用水(7A)drip irrigation滴灌(8B)due to由于(1A)dump truck自动倾卸卡车(3A)
EEiffel Tower埃菲尔铁塔(2B) either or或者或者(1A) embankment dam土石坝(4A) entrance channel进水渠(5A) except for除之外(2B)except that除了之外(5B)F
feed to供应给(7A)fer Project南水北调工程(1B)flat river valley平坦河谷(7A)Flood Detention Reservoirs蓄滞水库( 7B)flooding irrigation漫灌(8A)floor lining底板衬砌(5A)floor pitching渠底砌石(5A)flow concentration汇流(4B)flow rate流速(4B)fly ash粉煤灰(3A)fossil fuel 矿物燃料(6A)full power全功率,满功率(6A)
Ggate replacement闸门更换(4B)generating capacity发电量(2B)generating set [机组 ]发电装置(7A)generator stator发电机定子(6B)grain field麦地(8A)Grand Canal [中国 ] 大运河(1B)greenhouse gas温室气体(2B)ground cracking地面开裂(1B)
H
high-performance electric pump高性能电动泵(7A) hold back阻碍,隐瞒,控制(3A) hollow gravity dams空心重力坝(3A)I
impermeable base layer不透水基层(8B) impervious core隔水心墙(4A) in contrast相反,相比之下(8A)in future今后(1A)in operation运行,生效(6B)in particular尤其,特别(7A)in terms of依据,按照,就而言( 2A)in this respect在这方面,从某种意义上
说(4B)inflatable dam橡胶坝(4B)inner diameter内径(6B)installed capacity装机容量(2A)
LItaipu Dam伊泰普大坝(2B) large amounts of大量的(5A) lead time前置时间,提前期(7B) less than不到,少于(1B) let out放出,释放(7B) listed subsidiary上市子公司(6B) live load surcharge超额活荷载(5A) localized irrigation局部灌溉(8B) low-slump concrete低坍落度混凝土( 3A)Mmasonry dam砌石坝(3A)mass concrete dam大体积混凝土坝( 3A)micro-sprinkler irrigation微喷灌(8B)modified asphalt pavers改造的沥青摊铺
机(3A) more or less有点,或多或少(5B)Nneither nor既不也不(5B) non-scoring velocity不冲流速(5A) normal channel spillway正槽溢洪道( 5A) notch effect切口效应(4B)Oorifice plate孔板(7B) outer diameter外径(6B) outlet channel尾水渠(5A) overflow weir溢流堰(4B) overflow weir溢流堰(5B)PPortland cement硅酸盐水泥(3A) power factor功率因数(6B) power station电站(2A) prior to在之前(7B) protect against保护,避免(5A) pumped recharge抽水补给(7A)R
rated power额定功率,设计功率(6B)raw water原水,生水,未净化的水( 7A)recreational land初级开发土地(用于狩
猎,园林等),康乐用地(7B)reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土(3A)rely on依赖,依靠;相信(8A)result in导致(1B)retaining wall挡土墙(5A)roller-compacted concrete碾压混凝( 3A)rotation speed旋转速度(6B)rubber-coated fabric tube橡胶涂层织物
管(4B)run-of-the-river径流式 , 河床式(7A)
Sservice life使用寿命,使用年限(4B) settle out沉淀;解决(7A) ship lift升船机(2B) ship lock船闸(2A)side channel spillway侧槽溢洪道(5B)side wall边墙,侧墙(5A)sluice gate水闸,水门(4B)SNWTP-The South-North Water Trans-spray irrigation喷灌(8B)stilling basin消力池(5A)subsurface textile irrigation地下织网灌溉
(8B)such as诸如(2A)surface irrigation地面灌溉(8A)
Ttake care照顾(1A)take in吸收,领会(7B)temperature stratification温差层(7A)tend to趋向于(7A)terminal structure出口消能结构(消能段)
(5A)the latter后者(5B)trickle irrigation滴灌(8B)turbine diameter水轮机直径(6B)
Uupper limit上限(6A)Vvibratory roller震动压路机(3A)Wwarn of发出关于的警告(1B)water main给水干管,总水管(7A)water supply给水(工程)(7A)water treatment plant净水厂(7A)water turbine水轮机(2B)white water浪花(7B)with respect to关于,谈到(3A)

 

 

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