Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Polymer Science 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Writing Formulas for Polymeric Macromolecules 1
1.1.2 Properties of Macromolecules 3
1.1.3 Three Factors that Influence the Degree of Crystallinity 4
1.1.4 Regio and Stereo Isomerization in Macromolecules 6
1.2 Synthesis of Addition Polymers 7
1.2.1 Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization 8
1.2.2 Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization 10
1.2.3 Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization 10
1.2.4 Ziegler-Natta Catalytic Polymerization 11
1.3 Copolymers 12
1.3.1 Addition Copolymerization 12
1.3.2 Block Copolymerization 13
1.4 Condensation Polymers 13
1.4.1 Characteristics of Condensation Polymers 13
1.4.2 Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Polymers 16
1.5 Structure-Property Relationship 17
1.5.1 Linearity, Branching and Networking 17
1.5.2 Molar Cohesion, Polarity and Crystallinity 18
1.5.3 Role of Molecular Symmetry 18
1.5.4 Role of Chemical Modification in Effecting Internal Plasticization 19
1.5.5 Copolymerization and Internal Plasticization 19
1.5.6 Effect of Inclusion of Flexible Inter-unit Linkages and Rigid Bulky Groups 19
1.5.7 Effect of Temperature 21
1.5.8 Survey of Deformation Patterns in the Amorphous State 21
1.5.9 Transitions and Rubbery and Flow Regions 22
1.5.10 Property Demand and Polymer Applications 23
1.6 The Age of Plastics 25
1.7 The Law of Unintended Consequences 26
1.8 Recycling and Disposal 27
1.9 Biodegradable Polymers 29
Chapter 2 Plastics and Plasticizers 33
2.1 Plasticizers: an Introduction 33
2.2 Early Plasticizers 34
2.3 Theory: Mechanism of Plasticizer Effect on the Polymer 34
2.4 Phthalate Plasticizers 35
2.5 The Phthalate Plasticizer Market 35
2.6 Health Issues in the Use of Phthalate Plasticizers: Are They Safe? 37
2.6.1 Evidence? 38
2.6.2 What''s Being Done in the Meantime? 39
2.7 Health or Hype? 39
2.8 Plastics in Packaging 40
2.8.1 Introduction 40
2.8.2 Types of Plastics Used in Packaging 42
2.8.3 Plastic vs. the Alternatives 48
2.8.4 Reusing Plastic Packaging 49
2.8.5 Recycling Plastic Packaging 49
2.8.6 Conclusion 51
Chapter 3 Polymer Materials Used in Automobiles 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Uses of Polymer Materials in an Automobile 53
3.2.1 Fuel Tank 53
3.2.2 Exterior 55
3.2.3 Interior 58
3.2.4 Polymers in Car Engine Manifolds and Power Trains 59
3.2.5 Conclusion 60
3.3 Car Tires 61
3.3.1 Introduction 61
3.3.2 Tire Production 62
3.3.3 The Chemistry of Tires 65
3.3.4 Brass Wire Adhesion 67
3.3.5 Disposal and Recycling of Used Tires 69
3.3.6 Tread Separation Problem Overview 69
3.3.7 Lawsuit Against Firestone and Ford Motor Co. 71
3.3.8 Conclusion 72
3.4 Kaptonr Wiring 72
3.4.1 Introduction 72
3.4.2 Properties of Kaptonr 74
3.4.3 Uses of Kaptonr 74
3.4.4 Degradation of Kaptonr and Other Polymers 76
3.4.5 Insulation Requirements for Wires 77
Chapter 4 Polymer Materials in Medicine 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Polymer Materials in Medicine 80
4.2.1 A Brief History of Polymer Materials in Medicine 80
4.2.2 Cellophane 81
4.2.3 PGA, PLA, and PLGA 82
4.2.4 Polydimethyl Siloxane PDMS 83
4.2.5 Polyethylene and Poly methyl methacrylate PMMA 84
4.2.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE 84
4.2.7 Polyurethane 85
4.2.8 Conclusion 86
4.3 Contact Lens Polymers 86
4.3.1 The History of Contact Lenses 87
4.3.2 How Contact Lenses Work 87
4.3.3 Why Do People Wear Contact Lenses 88
4.3.4 Biocompatibility and Contact Lens Comfort 89
4.3.5 Manufacturing of Contact Lenses 90
4.3.6 Hard Contact Lenses 91
4.3.7 Soft Contact Lenses 93
4.3.8 Problems Caused by Contact Lens Use 94
4.3.9 Conclusion 95
4.4 Silicone Implants 95
4.4.1 History 96
4.4.2 Silicone Implants 96
4.4.3 Advantages 97
4.4.4 Disadvantages 97
4.4.5 Concerns 99
4.4.6 Companies Involved in the Production of Silicone Breast Implants 100
4.5 Tablet Coating 100
4.5.1 Drug Release Paterns 101
4.5.2 Types of Coatings 103
4.5.3 Polymers Used for Film-Coatings Film Formers 104
4.5.4 Equipment 106
4.5.5 The Coating Process 109
4.5.6 Spray Variables 112
4.5.7 Formulation of Polymeric Coatings 116
Chapter 5 Polymer Processing 120
5.1 Extrusion 120
5.2 Film Blowing 121
5.3 Sheet Thermoforming 122
5.3.1 Thin-gauge and Heavy-gauge thick Thermoforming 124
5.3.2 Engineering 124
5.4 Blow Molding 125
5.4.1 History of Blow Molding 126
5.4.2 Typologies of Blow Molding 126
5.5 Compression Molding 128
5.6 Transfer Molding 130
5.7 Injection Molding 131
5.7.1 Injection Molding Process 133
5.7.2 Methodology of Unit Process Life Cycle Inventory Model UPLCI 136
5.7.3 Injection Molding Process Energy Characteristics 136
5.7.4 Parameters Effecting the Energy Required for Brake Forming 137
5.7.5 Method of Quantification for Mass Loss 142
5.7.6 Manufacturers Reference Data 144
5.7.7 Problems Encountered in Injection Molding 145
5.7.8 Summary 145
5.8 Paints and Coatings 146
5.8.1 Paint 146
5.8.2 Clear Finishes 151
5.8.3 Other Coatings 152
5.8.4 Surface Cleaning 153
5.8.5 Superior Performance Aerospace coatings 155
5.9 Developments in Polymer Coatings for Dipped Goods 157
5.9.1 Key Requirements to Consider 159
5.9.2 Polymer Coating Choices 159
5.9.3 Manufacturing Considerations 161
5.9.4 Simple Tests of Coating Effectiveness 162
5.9.5 Latex Clothing 163
5.10 Choosing Polymers for Centrifuges 165
5.10.1 Life before Polymers 165
5.10.2 Types of Polymers 166
5.10.3 Jar Testing, Mixing Small Quantities of Polymers 169
5.10.4 Polymer Trials 177
Chapter 6 Nanotechnology In Polymer Materials 181
6.1 A Unit of Length: A Nanometer--the Millionth Part of A Millimeter 181
6.1.1 Small Particles, Large Surface Areas 182
6.1.2 Does Nano Equal New? 183
6.1.3 Move into the Nano Era 184
6.1.4 Nanotechnology at an Overview 185
6.1.5 Value-adding Chain of Nanomaterials 186
6.1.6 The Research Verbund 186
6.1.7 Nanoparticles Offer Protection from the Sun 187
6.1.8 Ideas for Innovation from New Business Areas 188
6.1.9 Multidisciplinary Nature of Nanotechnology 188
6.2 Nanoparticles in Megatons: Wide-Ranging Applications for Polymer Dispersions 189
6.2.1 Large Production Volume for Aqueous Polymer Dispersions 190
6.2.2 Water-like Viscosity Despite High Solids Content 190
6.2.3 Four Ways of Creating Diversity 191
6.2.4 The Goal: High Solids Content and Good Processability 192
6.2.5 Multiphase Polymers 193
6.2.6 Nanocomposites with Different Morphologies 194
6.2.7 Major Advance: Dispersions Containing Butadiene 195
6.2.8 New Catalysts for Tactic Polymers 196
6.2.9 Virtually Limitless Range of Applications 197
6.3 The "Eyes and Fingers" of Nanotechnology: Analysis Leads the Way to the Nanocosm 198
6.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy: Uphill and Downhill in the Nanoworld 199
6.3.2 Nanoinstrumentation: Tweezers, Heaters and Pipettes 199
6.3.3 Computer Simulations are Often Helpful 201
6.3.4 BASF Has Its Own Ways to Analyze Nanoparticles 202
6.3.5 Particle Collider Data 202
6.3.6 A Special Variation on TEM: Heavy Atoms in the Spotlight 204
6.3.7 Light, Raman Scattering and Fluorescence 206
6.3.8 Nanoanalysis: at the Forefront of Chemical Nanotechnology 208
6.4 Nanostructures through Self-Organization: Color without Dyes, Taking a Lead from Nature 208
6.4.1 The Three-dimensional Photonic Crystal 210
6.4.2 Matrix of Polymer Material 210
6.4.3 Crystallites of Polystyrene Particles under a Scanning Laser Microscope 213
6.4.4 Using Particle Size to Achieve the Entire Range of Colors 213
6.4.5 The One-dimensional Photonic Crystal 214
6.5 Nanostructures through Self-organization: Rubber Laser with Variable Optical Properties 215
6.6 Nanostructures with the Lotus Effect: Building Blocks for Superhydrophobic Coatings 219
6.6.1 Dual Structure Fights Dirt 220
6.6.2 Water Droplets Have Nothing to Hold on to 221
6.6.3 Lotus Spray in the Pipeline 222
6.6.4 Much Research Needs to Be Done 224
6.7 Nanotubes: Small Tubes with Great Potential 224
6.7.1 Introduction 224
6.7.2 Synthesis and Purification of SWCNTs 226
6.7.3 Structural and Physical Properties 226
6.7.4 Defect-group Chemistry 228
6.7.5 Covalent Sidewall Functionalization 228
6.7.6 Noncovalent Exohedral Functionalization 230
6.7.7 Endohedral Functionalization 231
6.8 Sinking One''s Teeth into Nanotechnology: Hydroxyapatite and Tooth Repair 231
6.8.1 Big Market for Dental Care Products 232
6.8.2 Fundamental Technology Shift in Dental Care 233
6.8.3 Nanoparticles with a Huge Surface Area 234
6.8.4 Extensive Know-how in the Bottom-up Process 234
6.8.5 Self-organization in Film Formation 235
6.8.6 On the Road to Marketability 236
6.9 Nanocubes as Hydrogen Storage Units: The "Battery of Tomorrow" for Laptops and Cell Phones 236
6.9.1 Hydrogen Instead of Methanol 237
6.9.2 The Next Big Idea: Metal-Organic Frameworks 238
6.9.3 Encouraging Storage Results 239
6.9.4 The Advantage of Physisorption 240
6.9.5 Energy Densities Compared 241
6.9.6 Great Prospects for Specific Applications 242
6.9.7 Helpful Know-how from Catalyst Production 243
6.10 Nanoscale Tree Molecules: Dendrimers for New Printing Systems and Car Paints 243
6.10.1 Protecting Group Techniques for Tree growth 244
6.10.2 Polymer Building Blocks 245
6.10.3 Hyperbranched Polymers Give New "Tree Species" 247
6.10.4 Synthesis Control by Reactive Groups 248
6.10.5 Making Their Mark on Plastic 249
6.10.6 Automotive Coatings: Scratch-resistant yet Flexible 250
6.10.7 Parquet Floors: Keep Your Stilettos on 251
6.11 Economic Perspectives of Nanotechnology: Enormous Markets for Tiny Particles 252
6.11.1 Nanotechnology as Enabling Technology 252
6.11.2 Market Expectations: Euphoria or Reality? 254
6.11.3 Extreme Differences Between Market Estimates 254
6.11.4 Nanoparticles: Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio 255
6.11.5 High Consumption in Electronics and Information Technology 256
6.11.6 Major Growth Expected from Start-ups 257
6.11.7 Nanocomposites: Innovative Fillers for Plastics 257
6.11.8 Nanocoatings: Big Business in Germany 259
6.11.9 Conclusion and Outlook: the Bottom Line 260
6.12 From University Research to the Chemical Industry: How Much Hype Is There in Nanotechnology? 260
6.12.1 Nanosciences at the Universities and in Research Networks 262
6.12.2 An Intermezzo: How Much Hype is There in Nanotechnology? 265
6.12.3 Which Areas of Nanotechnology will be Successful in the Short and Medium Term? 266
6.13 A Great Future for Tiny Particles 272
6.13.1 Nanotechnology also Has a Major Impact on BASF''s Traditional Business Areas 272
6.13.2 Opening up New Markets with Nanotechnology 273
6.13.3 Nanotechnology Means Learning from Nature 273
6.13.4 Open to New Impulses for Innovations through Cooperative Ventures 274
Appendix 1 Nanoanalytical Methods at BASF excerpt 276
Appendix 2 Nanoanalysis at BASF excerpt 277
Appendix 3 Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science 278
Appendix 4 Conversation Tables 295
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