Chapter 1 Introduction to Biogas1.1 Biogas Origin Nomenclature 11.2 International Biogas History 21.3 Biogas Digester Development in China 71.3.1 First Stage-Luo Guorui Biodigester 71.3.2 Second Stage-Long-distance, Big and Deep Digester 71.3.3 Third Stage-Round, Small and Shallow Digester 81.3.4 Fourth Stage-Mini-size and High-efficiency Digester 81.3.5 Fifth Stage-Commercialized Fiberglass Digester 91.4 Biogas Characteristics 91.4.1 Biogas Components 91.4.2 Biogas Terminologies 101.4.2.1 Total Solids TS 101.4.2.2 Volatile Solids VS 101.4.2.3 Hydraulic Retention Time HRT 111.4.2.4 Gas Production Rate GPS 111.4.2.5 Organic Space Loading Rate OLR 121.4.2.6 Gas Production Rate of Materials GPRM 131.4.2.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD 141.4.2.8 Chemical Oxygen Demand COD 141.4.2.9 The Relationship of the Biogas Parameters 15Chapter 2 Biochemistry and Microbiology of Biogas Fermentation2.1 Three Steps of Biogas Fermentation 172.2 Microbes in Three-step of Biogas Fermentation 192.2.1 Biogas Microbes in Nature 192.2.2 Groups and Actions of Non-methane-producing Microbes 202.2.2.1 Variety of Non-methane-producing Microbes 212.2.2.2 Amount of Non-methane-producing Microbes 232.3 Estimation and Calculation of the Amount of Methane Produced from Organic Compounds 242.4 Anaerobic Digestive Process of Complex Organic Compounds 262.4.1 The Degradation of Carbohydrates 262.4.1.1 Anaerobic Degradation of Glucose 262.4.1.2 Anaerobic Degradation of Cellulose 272.4.1.3 The Metabolism of Semi-cellulose, Pectin-gel, Starch, and Cellulose under Anaerobic Conditions 292.4.2 Metabolism of Lipids 292.4.3 Metabolism of Protein 302.5 Fermentative Bacteria 312.5.1 Cellulose-splitting Bacteria 312.5.2 Semi-cellulose-splitting Bacteria 322.5.3 Starch-splitting Bacteria 322.5.4 Protein-splitting Bacteria 322.5.5 Fat-splitting Bacteria 332.6 The Obligate H2-producing Acetogenic Bacteria 332.7 Hydrogen-producing Acetogenic Bacteria in Aqua of Biogas Fermentation 362.7.1 Hydrogen-Producing Acetogenic Bacteria in Biogas Fer- mentation Liquid 362.7.2 Other Specific Bacteria 362.8 Methane-producing Bacteria and Their Classification 372.8.1 Classification and Identification of Methane-producing Bacteria 372.8.1.1 Characteristics of Methane-producing Bacteria 372.8.1.2 The Third Fashion of Life 382.8.1.3 Morphology and Classification of Methane-producing Bacteria 392.8.2 Metabolic Substrates of Methane-producing Bacteria 442.8.3 Theory of Methane Formation 452.8.3.1 Theory of Carbon Dioxide Reduction 452.8.3.2 Theory of Methyl Group Directly Convert to Methane 452.8.3.3 Barker''s Hypothesis 452.8.4 Methane Formation Metabolized by Acetate and Formate 462.8.5 Methane Original 472.9 Relationship Between Different Biogas Microbes 47Chapter 3 Technology of Biogas Fermentation3.1 Strict Anaerobic Environment 503.2 Temperature 513.3 pH Value 533.4 Feedstock for Biogas Fermentation 543.4.1 Properties and Classification of Feedstock 543.4.1.1 Nitrogen-rich Raw Material 543.4.1.2 Carbon-rich Raw Material 543.4.2 Properties of Common Feedstock in Gas Production 553.4.2.1 Rate of Gas Production of Feedstock 563.4.2.2 Speed of Gas Production 563.4.3 Proportion of Feedstock 573.4.3.1 Ratio of Carbon and Nitrogen CN 573.4.3.2 Manure: Straw Ratio 583.5 Concentration 593.6 Seeding Materials 623.6.1 Function of Seeding Materials 623.6.2 Enrichment and Culture of Seeding Materials 633.6.3 Source of Seeding Materials 633.6.4 Amount of Seeding Material 643.7 Management 643.7.1 Supplement of Fresh Raw Materials 643.7.2 Frequent Stirring 643.7.3 Keep Fermentative Temperature 653.7.4 Frequent Check of Biogas Devices 653.7.5 Discharging Digesters 653.7.6 Fermentation Inhibitors 653.7.7 Safety Biogas Appliances 663.8 Inspection and Maintenance of the Biogas Digester 693.8.1 Leak Test of the Biogas Digester 693.8.1.1 Test Methods 693.8.1.2 Air Leakage Standard 703.8.2 Biogas Digester Maintenance 703.9 Technique Types of Biogas Fermentation 713.9.1 According to Feeding Pathway 713.9.1.1 Batch Fermentation 713.9.1.2 Semi-continuous Fermentation 713.9.1.3 Continuous Fermentation 713.9.2 According to Digesting Device-type 723.9.3 According to Fermentative Mold of Action 723.9.4 According to State of Feedstock 733.9.5 According to Fermentation Temperature 733.9.6 According to Different Stage Fermentation 733.10 Different Types of Fermentative Digesters 743.10.1 Conventional Digester 743.10.2 High Rate Digester 753.10.3 Anaerobic Contact Digester 753.10.4 Anaerobic Filter AF 753.10.5 Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed UASB 763.10.6 Anaerobic Bed 773.10.7 Two-phase Anaerobic Digester 773.10.8 Dry Fermentation 783.10.9 Plug-flow Anaerobic Digester 793.10.10 Pipeline-type Anaerobic Digester 79Chapter 4 Large-medium Scale Biogas Project4.1 Partition of Large-medium Scale Biogas Project 804.1.1 Partition by Volume Size 814.1.2 Classifications by Different Types of Organic Wastes 824.1.2.1 Livestock Farm Biogas Project 824.1.2.2 Biogas Project of Industrial Waste 824.1.2.3 Biogas Project of Municipal Sewage Purification 834.1.3 Materials Characteristics 844.1.4 Characteristics of Biogas Project 844.1.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion Technology Advantages 844.1.4.2 Anaerobic and Aerobic Bio-technology Comparison 854.2 Process and Type of Biogas Project 864.2.1 Anaerobic Contact Process 864.2.2 Anaerobic Filter AF 874.2.2.1 The Choice of Filter 884.2.2.2 Filter Height of Anaerobic Filter 884.2.2.3 The Actual Effect of Anaerobic Filter 884.2.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UASB 894.2.3.1 Operational Principle of UASB Reactor 914.2.3.2 UASB Reactor Startup 914.2.3.3 Application of UASB Reactor 924.2.3.4 Attentions of UASB Application 964.2.4 Anaerobic Fluidized Bed AFB and the Anaerobic Attached Film Expanded Bed AAFEB 974.2.5 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed EGSB 984.2.6 Internal Circulation Anaerobic Reactors IC Reactor 994.2.7 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed-filter Technology UBF 1014.2.8 Upflow Anaerobic Solid Reactor USR 1014.2.9 Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contactor ARBC 1024.2.10 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor ABR 1024.3 The Design and Management of Biogas Engineering 1044.3.1 The Design of Biogas Engineering 1044.3.1.1 General Requirements 1044.3.1.2 The Volume Determination of Anaerobic Digestion Plant 1044.3.1.3 Ancillary Equipment of Large-medium Scale Biogas Engineering 1054.3.2 The Startup of Biogas Engineering 1054.3.2.1 Preparations 1054.3.2.2 Sludge Inoculation 1054.3.3 Operation and Management of Biogas Engineering 1064.3.3.1 Operation and Management of Biogas Engineering 1064.3.3.2 Maintenance of Large Biogas Engineering 106Chapter 5 Engineering of Domestic Sewage Treatment in Towns and Non-hazardous Treatment Engineering of Public Toilet Excrement5.1 Principle of Treatment and Volume Calculation 1085.1.1 Principle of Treatment 1085.1.2 Volume Calculation 1085.2 The Technique Processes and Fundamental Principles 1095.2.1 Technique Processes 1095.2.2 Fundamental Principles 1115.3 Treatment Effects 1125.3.1 Effect Analysis of Domestic Waste Water Treatment 1125.3.2 Effect Analysis of Pharmaceutical Waste Water Waste Water Treatment 1135.3.3 Effect Analysis of Night Soil Sewage Treatment in Towns 115Chapter 6 Introduction and Background to Compre- hensive Utilization of Biogas System6.1 Introduction 1186.2 The Biogas Dissemination and Development Prospect in China 1206.3 Overview of the Use of Bio-slurry in China 1216.4 Utilization of Different Fertilizers in China 1226.5 Objective and Methodology 1236.5.1 Objective for Use of Bio-slurry 1236.5.2 Methods 125Chapter 7 Utilization of Biogas7.1 Heat Utilization Technology of Biogas 1267.1.1 Biogas Heating for Chicken Hatching 1267.1.2 Gas Lamp Heat Hatch 1277.1.3 Biogas Used for Sericulture 1287.1.4 Biogas Lamp Used for Increasing Laying Rate 1297.1.5 Biogas Lamp Trap Insect to Feed Fish 1297.1.6 Biogas Lamp Used for Storing Sweet Potato 1307.1.7 Biogas Drying Food Crop and Raising Rice Seedlings 1307.2 Biogas Non-thermal Technology 1347.2.1 Biogas Storage Grain 1347.2.2 Biogas Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 1357.3 Biogas and Greenhouse Cultivation Techniques 135Chapter 8 Utilization of Bio-slurry in China8.1 Different Ways of Using Bio-slurry 1378.2 Issues Existing in Application of Bio-slurry 1378.3 Limitations of Bio-slurry 1398.4 Utilization Mechanism and Prospects of Bio-slurry 1398.5 Conclusions and Suggestions 140Chapter 9 Characteristics of Bio-slurry9.1 Physical and Chemical Features 1439.2 Active Elements of Bio-slurry 1459.2.1 Various Kinds of Hydrolase 1469.2.2 B Vitamins 1469.2.3 Amino Acids 1479.2.4 Phytohormone 1499.2.5 Antibiotis 1499.2.6 Humic Acid 1499.2.7 Microelements 1509.3 Comparison of Bio-slurry with Other Fertilizers 1519.3.1 Comparison of Bio-slurry with Compost Fertilizer 1519.3.2 Effect of Increasing Crop Yield of Bio-slurry and Compost 152Chapter 10 Various Kinds of Utilizations of Bio-slurry10.1 Effect on Improving Soil with Bio-slurry 15410.1.1 Improvement of Physical and Chemical Nature of Soil 15410.1.2 Active Role of Bio-slurry to Soil Nutrients 15410.1.3 Formation of Soil Granular Structure 15510.2 Effect of Bio-slurry as Additive in Feeding Pigs 15610.2.1 Increasing Rate of Growth 15610.2.2 Enhancing Conversion Rate of Feeding 15610.2.3 Reducing Diseases for Facilitating Growth of Pigs 15710.2.4 Results of Slaughtering and Analysis of Meat Quality 15810.2.5 Economic Benefits 15910.3 Effect of Bio-slurry on Feeding Fish 15910.3.1 Increasing Fish Yield 15910.3.2 Improving Quality of Fish Meat 16010.3.3 Reducing Occurrence of Fish Diseases 16110.3.4 Economic Benefits Analysis 16110.3.5 Improvement to Water Quality by Bio-slurry 16110.3.6 Using Bio-slurry for Raising Fish in Rice Fields 16210.4 Effect of Bio-slurry on Soaking Seeds 16310.4.1 The Effect of Bio-slurry on Soaking Seeds to Germination Rate 16310.4.2 Effect of Bio-slurry on Soaking Seeds to Seedling Rate 16310.4.3 Effect of Bio-slurry on Soaking Seeds to Seedling Character 16410.4.4 Effect of Bio-slurry on Soaking Seeds to Disease Resistance, Cold Resistance and Anti-adversity 16510.4.5 Effect of Bio-slurry on Enhancing Crop Yield 16510.5 Effect of Bio-slurry on Prevention and Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pest 16610.5.1 Problem of Crop Diseases and Insect Pest 16610.5.2 Study on Bio-slurry for Prevention and Cure of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest 16710.5.3 Varieties of Crop Diseases and Insect Pest with Bio-slurry Used for Prevention and Control 16910.5.4 Effects of Bio-slurry Used for Prevention and Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pest 17110.6 Application of Bio-slurry Bio-sludge for Mushroom Culture 17410.6.1 Enhancing Quality of Mushroom Obviously 17410.6.2 Effect of Bio-slurry Bio-sludge Used for Mushroom Culture 17410.7 Bio-slurry Used as Nutrient Liquid of Soilless Culture 17510.7.1 Nutrient Solution of Soilless Culture by Chemical Composition 17510.7.2 Nutrient Components of Bio-slurry 17610.7.3 Effect of Bio-slurry on Planting Vegetables 17610.8 Study on Application of Bio-slurry in Non-polluted Fruits and Vegetables 17710.9 Study on Bio-slurry Used for Developing Organic Liquid Fertilizer of Flowers 17810.9.1 Nutrient Equilibrium and Adjustment of Bio-slurry 17810.9.2 Production Process and Pathway for High Efficiency Organic Liquid Fertilizers for Flowers 17910.9.3 Nutrients of High Efficiency Organic Liquid Fertilizer for Flowers 18110.9.4 Properties and Operation Manual of High Efficiency Organic Liquid Fertilizer for Flowers 18110.10 Other Utilizations of Bio-slurry 182Chapter 11 Effect Evaluation on the Utilization of Bio-slurry11.1 Methods Technique, Cost to Store Bio-slurry 18311.2 Methods Technique, Cost to Process Bio-slurry 18311.3 Achievements of the Use of Bio-slurry in China 18411.4 Analysis of Economic Benefits on Utilization of Bio-slurry 18511.4.1 Costbenefit on Bio-slurry Used for Rice Planting 18511.4.2 Costbenefit on Bio-slurry Used for Planting Peanuts 18511.4.3 Costbenefit Analysis of Bio-slurry Used as Fertilizer for Rape 18611.4.4 Costbenefit Analysis of Bio-slurry Used as Fertilizer for Tea 18611.4.5 Costbenefit Analysis of Bio-slurry Used as Fertilizer for Banana Plantation 18711.4.6 Costbenefit Analysis of Bio-slurry Used as Fertilizer for Sugarcane Plantation 188Chapter 12 Commercialized Household Biogas Digester Made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic12.1 Introduction of Fiberglass 19012.2 Design of Fiberglass Digester 19512.2.1 Core Parameters of 4~8m3 Digester 19512.2.2 Technical Specifications 19512.2.3 Producing Technology of Biogas Digester Made of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic 197Chapter 13 The Practices of Fiberglass Bio-digester13.1 Application Ways 19913.2 Preparation Before the Installation 20013.2.1 Selection of the Construction Site 20013.2.2 Plan of the Digester 20013.2.3 Pretreatment Tank 20013.2.4 Digester Pit 20213.2.5 Overflow Tank 20213.2.6 Preparation of Inoculation i.e. Seeding Materials 20213.2.7 Preparation of Raw Materials 20313.3 Operation Steps on Installation of Fiberglass Biogas Digesters 20313.4 Loading and Start-up for Biogas Digesters 20313.5 Maintenance for Commercialized Household Fiber Glass Biogas Digesters 204
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