Contents
Part I Context of Soil and Plant Analysis
1 Overview of Soil and Plant Analysis for Forest Ecosystems
1.1 Soils are Physically.Chemically and Biologically Complex
Part II Introductory Methods in Soil and Plant Analyses
2 Field Characterization of Soils to Establish Sampling Protocols
2.1 Soil Sampling Design and Methods
2.1.1 Introduction to Sampling Design
2.1.1.1 Accuracy，Bias，and Precision
2.1.1.2 General Considerations on Soil Sampling
2.1.1.3 Common Sampling Tools and Techniques
2.1.1.4 Soil Sample Preparation
2.1.2 Soil Sample Process Procedure
2.1.2.1 Sample Variability Number of Samples Required
3 Plant Tissue Characterization
3.1 Tissue Sampling
3.2 Tissue Preparation and Laboratory Extraction
4 Introduction: Laboratory Practices.
4.1 General Laboratory Protocol
4.1.1 Safety
4.1.2 Laboratory Water
4.1.3 Cleanup
4.1.4 Waste Disposal
Part III Soil Physical，Chemical and Biological Analyses
5 Methods for Analyzing Soil Physical Characteristics
5.1 Soil Moisture
5.1.1 Direct Methods of Estimating Soil Moisture and Soil Water Potential
5.1.2 Procedure to Determine Gravimetric Water C0ncentrations
5.2 Soil Bulk Density
5.2.1 Soil Bulk Density Methods
5.3 Soil Texture Particle Size Analysis or Mechanical Analysis
5.3.1 Soil Texture Methods53
5.3.1.1 Soil Texture Procedure:Bouyoucos Hydrometer Method5l
5.4 Soil Water Potential58
5.4.1 Pressure Plate Apparatus Procedure:Soil Moisture Release Curve
6 Soil Chemical Characterization
6.1 Soil pH70
6.1.1 Measuring pH
6.1.2 The Care of pH Electrodes
6.2 Electrical ConductivityEC
6.2.l Saturated Paste Extract Procedure:Electrical Conductivity
6.3 Ion Exchange in Soils
6.3.1 Cation Exchange Capacity.
6.3.2 Exchangeable Cations86
6.3.3 Extraction Procedures for Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity
6.4 Exchangeable Soil Acidity
6.4.1 Extraction Procedures for Exchangeable Soil Acidity
6.4.1.l Exchangeable AcidityBarium Chloride Triethalnolamine Method
6.4.1.2 Exchangeable AcidityPotassium Chloride Methodl
6.5 Extractable Inorganic Soil Nitrogen
6.5.1 Extraction Methods for Inorganic Soil Nitrogen
6.5.1.1 Single Extraction Procedure: Extractable Inorganic Nitrogen
6.5.1.2 Double Extraction Procedure:Mechanical vacuum Extractor
6.6 Soil Phosphorus
6.6.1 Methodology for Measuring Soil Phosphorus
6.6.2 Procedure:Extractable Inorganic Phosphorus
6.7 Soil Carbon and Organic Matter
6.7.1 Dry Combustion Procedure:Total Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
6.7.2 Loss on IgnitionLOIProcedure:Total Soil Organic Matter
6.7.3 Walkley Black Procedure:Soil Carbon
6.8 Selective Dissolution of Iron and Aluminum
6.8.l Extraction Procedure:Organically Complexed Iron and Aluminum
6.8.2 Extraction Procedure:Non.crystalline Soil Iron and Aluminum Oxides
7 Total Plant and Soil Nutrient AnalysisDigestion
7.1 wet Oxidation Method
7.2 Dry Oxidation Method
7.3 total Dissolved Carbon and Nitrogen in Water
7.4 Modified Kjeldahl Digest Procedure:Sulfuric Acid Digest for "Total"Nutrients
7.5 "Tbtal"Nutrient Analysis Procedure:Dry Ashing Followed by Nitric Acid Digest
7.6 Total Dissolved Nitrogen in Water Procedure:Persulfate Oxidation
8 Soil Biology Characterization
8.1 Soil Microbes
8.1.1 Archaea and Bacteria
8.1.2 Fungi137
8.1.3 Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria Blue-green Algae
8.2 Methods for Determining Soil Microbial Diversity and Populations Numbers and Biomass
8.2.1 Direct Culture，Microscopy and Image Analysis
8.2.2 Microbial Numbers and Microbial Biomass
8.3 Mycorrhizas140
8.3.1 Types of Mycorrhizas
8.3.2 Sampling Mycorrhizas
8.3.2.1 Sampling Design
8.3.2.2 Collection of Root and Soil Samples
8.3.2.3 Storage of Samples
8.3.2.4 Determining Mycorrhizas in Samples
8.3.3 Determination of Mycorrhizal Fungal Species
8.3.3.1 Analysis of Sporocarps and Spores
8.3.3.2 Morphotypes of Ectomycorrhizas
8.3.3.3 Trap Cultures for A~buscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
8.3.3.4 DNA and Biochemical Techniques
8.3.4 Ectomycorrhizal Quantification
8.3.5 Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Sporocarps
8.3.6 Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization
8.3.6.1 Staining
8.3.6.2 Gridline Intersection Method with a Dissecting Microscope
8.4 Indirect Indices for Soil Biological Activity
8.4.1 Soil Respiration
8.4.1.1 C02 Gas Sampling
8.4.1.2 The Soda Lime Technique
8.4.2 Decomposition Rates of Litter
8.4.2.1 Fine Litter
8.4.2.2 W00dy Debris
8.4.2.3 Fine Woody Debris
8.4.2.4 Coarse Woody Debris CWD
8.4.2.5 Standard Substrates
8.4.2.6 Calculation of Decomposition Rates
8.4.3 Soil Enzymes
8.4.4 Functional Biodiversity-Phospholipid Ester-linked Fatty AcidsPLFA and Substrate Utilization Profiles
8.4.5 Molecular Tools for Ecological Systems
8.4.5.1 DNA Extraction from Soil
8.4.5.2 PCR
8.4.5.3 Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphism RFLP
8.4.5.4 Primers
8.4.5.5 Gel Electrophoresis
8.4.5.6 DNA Sequencing
8.4.5.7 Metagenomics and Transcriptomics
8.5 Soil Invertebrates
8.5.1 Macrofauna with Emphasis on Earthworms
8.5.1.1 Extraction Methods
8.5.2 Mesofauna
8.5.2.1 Mires and Collembola
8.5.2.2 Enchytraeids
8.5.3 Microfauna
8.5.3.1 Protozoans
8.5.3.2 Rotifers
8.5.3.3 Tardigrades
8.5.3.4 MicrofaunaNematodes
8.6 Nitrogen Transformations
8.6.1 Nitrogen Fixation
8.6.1.1 Acetylene Reduction
8.6.1.2 N Accretion through Time
8.6.1.3 15N Based Methods
8.6.2 Denitrification
8.6.2.1 The Acetylene Inhibition Method
8.6.2.2 15N Tracer Methods
8.6.2.3 Direct N2 Quantification
8.6.2.4 Mass Balance Approaches
8.6.2.5 Stable Isotope Approaches
8.6.2.6 Approaches using in situ Gradients in Environmental Tracers
8.6.2.7 Molecular Approaches
Appendices
References
Subject Index
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