《英语语言学导论》根据作者多年研究英语语言学的积累编写而成.《英语语言学导论》共11章,分别是Invitation to Linguistics; Phonetics; Phonology; Morphology; Syntax; Semantics; Pragmatics; Language,Culture and Society; First Language Acquisition;Second Language Acquisition;Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning.《英语语言学导论》内容紧凑精炼,语言文字简洁易懂,同时配有鲜活生动的语言材料,能进一步帮助读者理解语言学的理论.
Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics
This chapter is a general introduction to linguistics，covering some basic concepts related to linguistics and language， the subject of linguistics. The first section is devoted to linguistics，dealing with the definition of linguistics，the basic distinctions ln linguistics and the scope of linguistics ; the second section is devoted to language，dealing with the definition of language， design features of language and functions of language.
1. 1 Linguistics
1. 1. 1 What is Linguistics
What is Linguistics? Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. The definition seems very simple，but to get a full understanding of the subject，detailed explanation is necessary. Linguistics is the study of language，but“study，，is different from the“study，，in“to study English，，which means “ to learn”; here “ study” means “ research” . Linguists conduct researches into the origin，growth，organization，nature and development of language，and discover the general rules and principles governing language and language use.
Language is the research subject of linguistics. In the definition of
linguistics，the word 44 language” is in singular form without any articles
does not refer to any specific language such as English or Chinese，although linguists do conduct researches into these languageslanguage” refers to human language in general. “scientific” means the scientific ways which are employed to conduct researches into language so that any theory about language is objective and reliable. The process of language research will well illustrate the word scientific .
To begin ascientific study oflanguage，the firststepis to observe
linguistic iacts.For instance， anewly occurredChinesesentence
construction“我有吃过饭 ” is irequently used by young people on many occasions，even in Television programs.
The secondstep is to makea generalization abouttheobserved
linguistic iacts. In the case oi “我有去过那儿 ”，the researchers need to describe who tend to use this construction and in what contexts it is usually used.
The third step is to iormulate a hypothesis to account for the generalized linguistic iacts. In this case，the researcher may hypothesize that the occurrence oi this Chinese sentence structure is due to the influence oi the English sentence structure441 have been there. ”
After that，the iormulated hypothesis will be repeatedly tested by more linguistic iacts. If the hypothesis stands the test，a linguistic theory is constructed; ii not， the hypothesis has to be improved in order to account for more linguistic facts.
Only by following these steps， can the study of language be“ scientific”.
1. 1. 2 TheScope of Linguistics
As we have known，linguistics studies human language. Then what aspects of language are covered? Since language is related to the society and the human being in many aspects， will all these aspects be covered by linguistics? The following two sections will answer these questions.
1.Intra-disciplinary Branches Micro-linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. To be specific，it is a scientific and thorough study of language system. Language system consits of three sub-systems，the sound system，structure system and meaning system. Based on the study of these three systems，linguistics is divided into six subbranches: Phonetics，Phonology，Morphology，Syntax，Semantics and Pragmatics，as shown in Fig.1.1.Phonetics Phonolgy Morphology4
Fig. 1.1 Subbranches of Linguistics
While both Phonetics and Phonology study the sound of language，they are different. Phonetics studies the production of each speech sound，such as how the sound is produced，transmitted and received; in anothet word，it studies the physical properties of sounds. Phonology studies the sound system，how sounds are put together and used to form meaningful units in communication.
Morphology studies the structure internal organization of words，how smaller components are arranged to form words. Syntax studies the structure of sentences，how words are arranged together to form permissible sentences.
Both Semantics and Pragmatics study language meaning. However，Semantics studies the literal or conventional meaning of language the meaning of words and sentences which are put in isolation， for example? the literal meaning of the sentence The phone is ringing. On the contrary， Pragmatics studies the meaning of language in context，the situational meaning or intentional meaning what the speakers really mean by their utterances， for instance? the contextual meaning of the utterance44 the phone is ringing，，when it is uttered by a specific person in a specific situation.
This division of linguistics is based on the subsystems of language， the subject of linguistics; therefore these subbranches of linguistics are called intra-disciplinary branches， also called micro-linguistics.
2.Inter-disciplinary BranchesMacro-linguistics
Language is also closely interwoven with many aspects of society and human beings. It has often been stu
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