List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Current Status and Prospects in Materi
Science
Jin Huang, Peter R. Chang, and Alain Dufresne
1.1 Introduction to Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
1.2 Current Application of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Material
Science
1.3 Prospects for Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials
List of Abbreviations
References
2 Structure and Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
Fei Hu, Shiyu Fu, Jin Huang, Debbie P. Anderson, and Peter R. Chang
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.1 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.1.2 Eects of Acid Type
2.2.1.3 Eects of Pretreatment
2.2.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.2.1 Structure and Rigidity of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.2.2.2 Physical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals
2.3 Chitin Nanocrystals
2.3.1 Preparation of Chitin Nanocrystals
2.3.1.1 Extraction of Chitin Nanocrystals by Acid Hydrolysis
2.3.1.2 Extraction of Chitin Nanocrystals by TEMPO Oxidation
2.3.2 Structure and Properties of Chitin Nanocrystals
2.3.2.1 Structure and Rigidity of Chitin Nanocrystals
2.3.2.2 Properties of Chitin Nanocrystal Suspensions
2.4 Starch Nanocrystals
2.4.1 Preparation of Starch Nanocrystals
2.4.1.1 Extraction of Starch Nanocrystals by Acid Hydrolysis
2.4.1.2 Eect of Ultrasonic Treatment
2.4.1.3 Eect of Pretreatment
2.4.2 Structure and Properties of Starch Nanocrystals
2.4.2.1 Structure of Starch Nanocrystals
2.4.2.2 Properties of Starch Nanocrystal Suspensions
2.5 Conclusion and Prospects
List of Abbreviations
References
3 Surface Modication of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
Ning Lin and Alain Dufresne
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surface Chemistry of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
3.2.1 Surface Hydroxyl Groups
3.2.2 Surface Groups Originating from Various Extraction Methods
3.3 Approaches and Strategies for Surface Modication
3.3.1 Purpose and Challenge of Surface Modication
3.3.2 Comparison of Dierent Approaches and Strategies of Surface
Modication
3.4 Adsorption of Surfactant
3.4.1 Anionic Surfactant
3.4.2 Cationic Surfactant
3.4.3 Nonionic Surfactant
3.5 Hydrophobic Groups Resulting from Chemical Derivatization
3.5.1 Acetyl and Ester Groups with Acetylation and Esterication
3.5.2 Carboxyl Groups Resulting from TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation
3.5.3 Derivatization with Isocyanate Carboamination
3.5.4 Silyl Groups Resulting from Silylation
3.5.5 Cationic Groups Resulting from Cationization
3.6 Polymeric Chains from Physical Absorption or Chemical
Grafting
3.6.1 Hydrophilic Polymer
3.6.2 Polyester
3.6.3 Polyolen
3.6.4 Block Copolymer
3.6.5 Polyurethane andWaterborne Polyurethane
3.6.6 Other Hydrophobic Polymer
3.7 Advanced Functional Groups and Modication
3.7.1 Fluorescent and Dye Molecules
3.7.2 Amino Acid and DNA
3.7.3 Self-Cross-linking of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
3.7.4 Photobactericidal Porphyrin Molecule
3.7.5 Imidazolium Molecule
3.7.6 Cyclodextrin Molecule and Pluronic Polymer
3.8 Concluding Remarks
List of Abbreviations
References
4 Preparation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Nanocomposites
Hou-Yong Yu, Jin Huang, Youli Chen, and Peter R. Chang
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CastingEvaporation Processing
4.2.1 Solution CastingEvaporation Processing
4.2.2 Solution Casting in Aqueous Medium
4.2.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Aqueous
Medium
4.2.2.2 Blending with Hydrophilic Polymers
4.2.2.3 Blending with Hydrophobic Polymers
4.2.3 Solution Casting in Organic Medium
4.2.3.1 Dispersion Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Organic
Medium
4.2.3.2 Blending with Polymers in Organic Solvent
4.3 hermoprocessing Methods
4.3.1 hermoplastic Materials Modied with Polysaccharide
Nanocrystals
4.3.2 Inuence of Surface Modication of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals on
Nanocompositehermoprocessing
4.4 Preparation of Nanobers by Electrospinning Technology
4.4.1 Electrospinning Technology
4.4.1.1 Concepts
4.4.1.2 Formation Process of Nanobers
4.4.1.3 Basic Electrospinning Parameters and Devices
4.4.1.4 Newly Emerging Electrospinning Techniques
4.4.2 Nanocomposite Nanobers Filled with Polysaccharide
Nanocrystals
4.4.2.1 Electrospun Nanobers in Aqueous Medium
4.4.2.2 Electrospun Nanobers in Non-aqueous Medium
4.5 Sol–Gel Method
4.5.1 Concepts of Sol–Gel Process
4.5.2 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based or -Derived Nanocomposites
Prepared by Sol–GelMethod
4.5.3 Chiral Nanocomposites Using Cellulose Nanocrystal Template
4.5.3.1 Inorganic Chiral Materials Based on Cellulose Nanocrystal
Template
4.5.3.2 Chiral Porous Materials
4.5.3.3 Chiral Porous Carbon Materials
4.5.3.4 Metal Nanoparticle-Decorated Chiral Nematic Materials
4.6 Self-Assembly Method
4.6.1 Overview of Self-Assembly Method
4.6.2 Self-Assembly Method Toward Polysaccharide
Nanocrystal-Modied Materials
4.6.2.1 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Aqueous
Medium
4.6.2.2 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Organic
Medium
4.6.2.3 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Solid Film
4.6.3 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Modied Materials Prepared by LBL
Method
4.7 Other Methods and Prospects
List of Abbreviations
References
5 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Reinforced Nanocomposites
Hanieh Kargarzadeh and Ishak Ahmad
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Rubber-Based Nanocomposites
5.3 Polyolen-Based Nanocomposites
5.4 Polyurethane andWaterborne Polyurethane-Based
Nanocomposites
5.5 Polyester-Based Nanocomposites
5.6 Starch-Based Nanocomposites
5.7 Protein-Based Nanocomposites
5.8 Concluding Remarks
List of Abbreviations
References
6 Polysaccharide Nanocrystals-Based Materials for Advanced
Applications
Ning Lin, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Surface Characteristics Induced Functional Nanomaterials
6.2.1 Active Groups
6.2.1.1 Importing Functional Groups or Molecules
6.2.1.2 Template for Synthesizing Inorganic Nanoparticles
6.2.2 Surface Charges and Hydrophilicity
6.2.2.1 Emulsion Nanostabilizer
6.2.2.2 High-Eciency Adsorption
6.2.2.3 Permselective Membrane
6.2.3 Nanoscale and High Surface Area
6.2.3.1 Surface Cell Cultivation
6.2.3.2 Water Decontamination
6.3 Nano-Reinforcing Eects in Functional Nanomaterials
6.3.1 Soft Matter
6.3.1.1 Hydrogel
6.3.1.2 Sponge, Foam, Aerogel, and Tissue-Engineering Nanosca?old
6.3.2 Special Mechanical Materials
6.3.3 Self-Healable and Shape-Memory Materials
6.3.4 Polymeric Electrolytes and Battery
6.3.5 Semi-conducting Material
6.4 Optical Materials Derived from Liquid Crystalline Property
6.5 Special Films and Systems Ascribed to Barrier Property
6.5.1 Drug Delivery – Barrier for Drug Molecules
6.5.2 Barrier Nanocomposites – Barrier forWater and Oxygen
6.6 Other Functional Applications
6.7 Concluding Remarks
List of Abbreviations
References
7 Characterization of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials
Alain Dufresne and Ning Lin
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
7.2.1 Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide
Nanocrystals
7.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal Films
7.3 Dispersion of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
7.3.1 Observation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Matrix
7.3.2 hree-Dimensional Network of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
7.4 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Materials
7.4.1 Inuence of the Morphology and Dimensions of the
Nanocrystals
7.4.2 Inuence of the Processing Method
7.5 Polysaccharide NanocrystalMatrix Interfacial Interactions
7.6 hermal Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Materials
7.6.1 hermal Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals
7.6.2 Glass Transition of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Nanocomposites
7.6.3 MeltingCrystallization Temperature of Polysaccharide
Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites
7.6.4 hermal Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Nanocomposites
7.7 Barrier Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Materials
7.7.1 Barrier Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal Films
7.7.2 Swelling and Sorption Properties of Polysaccharide
Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites
7.7.3 Water Vapor Transfer and Permeability of Polysaccharide
Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites
7.7.4 Gas Permeability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based
Nanocomposites
7.8 Concluding Remarks
List of Abbreviations
References
Index
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