Foreword
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Research purposes
1.2 The importance of studying Learners'' L2 as a system
1.3 The rare but vital phonation studies for prosody researches
1.4 Organization
2 Speech prosody
2.1 Prosody
2.2 Phonological vs. phonetic perspective
2.3 English vs. Chinese prosody
2.4 English prosody
2.5 Chinese prosody
2.5.1 Tone
2.5.2 Intonation
2.6 Interaction
2.7 Tone and pitch value
2.8 Narrow focus
2.9 Conclusion
3 Phonation studies for speech prosody
3.1 Universal vs. individual phonatory features
3.2 Phonation studies of L1 and L2
3.3 The physiological nature ofphonation
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Voicing mechanism
3.3.3 Research methods
4 EGG
4.1 Working principle
4.2 Parameters.
4.2.1 Four basic acoustic parameters of phonetics and their acoustic and psychological
counterparts
4.2.2 f0, OQ and SQ
4.3 Hardware
5 The phonation studies on narrow focus Syllable "aC_ C"of Chinese and English L1 and L2 speakers
5.1 Narrow focus in prosody
5.2 Traditional studies
5.3 Focus versus voice
5.4 Experiment
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Method
5.4.2.1 EGG
5.4.3 Parameters
5.4.4 Participants
5.4.5 Materials
5.4.6 Procedure
5.4.7 Results
5.4.8 Chinese material data analysis discussion
5.4.8.1 fo
5.4.8.1.1 Symmetry on asymmetry
5.4.8.1.2 Different absolute fo change, proportionate change at sex levels..
5.4.8.1.3 fo contrast paradox
5.4.8.2 OQ
5.4.8.2.1 Male vs. female speakers
5.4.8.2.2 Chinese vs. American speakers
5.4.8.2.3 Growth of males'' OQ
5.4.8.3 SQ
5.4.8.3.1 Male vs. female speakers
5.4.8.3.2 Long vs. short sentences
5.4.8.3.3 Compensatory effect of OQ SQ to fo
5.4.9 English material data analysis discussion
5.4.9.1 fo
5.4.9.1.1 Loose vs. tight CVC structure
5.4.9.1.2 fo contrast
5.4.9.1.3 Americans'' strategy
5.4.9.1.4 Chinese'' strategy
5.4.9.2 OQ SQ
5.4.10 fo, OQ SQ in a 3-Dimentional Matlab space
5.4.11 Conclusion
6 Prosodic hierarehies
6.1 Halliday''s prosodic hierarchies
6.2 Wu Zongji''s theory
6.3 Wang Hongjun''s prosodic hierarchies
6.4 Prosodic hierarchies of Mandarin Chinese
6.5 Declination downstep
6.6 Foot vs. PLS
6.7 Intonation phrases
6.8 Sentence stress vs. intonation
6.9 Sentence final intonation bearing unit
7 L1 and L2 Respiratory Patterns of Chinese and English Bilinguals'' Read Speech
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Respiratory belt
7.3 Method
7.3.1 Participants
7.3.2 Material
7.3.3 Recording procedure
7.4 Results analysis
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusion
8 Conclusion
8.1 Summary
8.2 Limitations future research
References
Appendices
Appendix Ⅰ
Appendix Ⅱ
Appendix Ⅲ
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