Introduction
12 Minerals, Ores and Gemstones
12.1 Definitions
12.2 Mineralogical, Physical and Chemical Properties
12.2.1 Mineral Names
12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition
12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties
12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form
12.2.5 Color
12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light
12.2.7 Luster
12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting
12.2.9 Fracture
12.2.10 Streak
12.2.11 Tenacity
12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity
12.2.13 Mohs Hardness
12.2.14 Optical Properties
12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism
12.2.16 Luminescence
12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity
12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy
12.2.19 Radioactivity
12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties
12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity
12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays
12.2.22.1 The Flame Test
12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test
12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal
12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide
12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test
12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test
12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests
12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy
12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media
12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy
12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals
12.4 Dana''s Classification of Minerals
12.5 Gemstones
12.5.1 Diamond
12.5.1.1 Introduction
12.5.1.2 Diamond Types
12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties
12.5.1.4 Diamond: Origins and Occurrence
12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications
12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices
12.5.1.7 Treatments
12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation
12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties
12.5.2.1 Emerald
12.5.2.2 Aquamarine
12.5.2.3 Morganite
12.5.2.4 Heliodor
12.5.2.5 Goshenite
12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties
12.5.3.1 Ruby
12.5.3.2 Sapphire
12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones
12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts
12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions
12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis
12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals
12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table
12.8 Mineral Synonyms
12.9 Further Reading
12.9.1 Crystallography
12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy
12.9.3 Mineralogy
12.9.4 Industrial Minerals
12.9.5 Ores
12.9.6 Gemstones
12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing
13 Rocks and Meteorites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Structure of the Earth''s Interior
13.3 Different Type of Rocks
13.4 Igneous Rocks
13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks
13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions
13.4.1.2 Mineralogy
13.4.1.3 Coloration
13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks
13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
13.4.4 General C]assification of Igneous Rocks
13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks
13.5 Sedimentary Rocks
13.5.1 Sediments
13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks
13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks
13.5.6 Chemical Composition
13.6 Metamorphic Rocks
13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade
13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies
13.7 Ice
13.8 Meteorites
13.8.1 Definitions
13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites
13.8.3 Tektites, Impactites, and Fulgurites
13.9 Properties of Common Rocks
13.10 Further Reading
Index
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