1 Introduction
1.1 Types of Uncertainty
1.2 Uncertainty Modeling and Data Mining
1.3 Related Works
References
2 Induction and Learning
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Machine Learning
2.2.1 Searching in Hypothesis Space
2.2.2 Supervised Learning
2.2.3 Unsupervised Learning
2.2.4 Instance-Based Learning
2.3 Data Mining and Algorithms
2.3.1 Why Do We Need Data Mining?
2.3.2 How Do We do Data Mining?
2.3.3 Artificial Neural Networks
2.3.4 Support Vector Machines
2.4 Measurement of Classifiers
2.4.1 ROC Analysis for Classification
2.4.2 Area Under the ROC Curve
2.5 Summary
References
3 Label Semantics Theory
3.1 Uncertainty Modeling with Labels
3.1.1 Fuzzy Logic
3.1.2 Computing with Words
3.1.3 Mass Assignment Theory
3.2 Label Semantics
3.2.1 Epistemic View of Label Semantics
3.2.2 Random Set Framework
3.2.3 Appropriateness Degrees
3.2.4 Assumptions for Data Analysis
3.2.5 Linguistic Translation
3.3 Fuzzy Discretization
3.3.1 Percentile-Based Discretization
3.3.2 Entropy-Based Discretization
3.4 Reasoning with Fuzzy Labels
3.4.1 Conditional Distribution Given Mass Assignments
3.4.2 Logical Expressions of Fuzzy Labels
3.4.3 Linguistic Interpretation of Appropriate Labels
3.4.4 Evidence Theory and Mass Assignment
3.5 Label Relations
3.6 Summary
References
4 Linguistic Decision Trees for Classification
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tree Induction
4.2.1 Entropy
4.2.2 Soft Decision Trees
4.3 Linguistic Decision for Classification
4.3.1 Branch Probability
4.3.2 Classification by LDT
4.3.3 Linguistic ID3 Algorithm
4.4 Experimental Studies
4.4.1 Influence of the Threshold
4.4.2 Overlapping Between Fuzzy Labels
4.5 Comparison Studies
4.6 Merging of Branches
4.6.1 Forward Merging Algorithm
4.6.2 Dual-Branch LDTs
4.6.3 Experimental Studies for Forward Merging
4.6.4 ROC Analysis for Forward Merging
4.7 Linguistic Reasoning
4.7.1 Linguistic Interpretation of an LDT
4.7.2 Linguistic Constraints
4.7.3 Classification of Fuzzy Data
4.8 Summary
References
……
5 Linguistic Decision Trees for Prediction
6 Bayesian Methods Based on Label Semantics
7 Unsupervised Learning with Label Semantics
8 Linguistic FOIL and Multiple Attribute Hierarchy for Decision Making
9 A prototype Theory Interpretation of Label Semantics
10 Prototype Theory for Learning
11 Prototype-Based Rule Systems
12 Information Cells and Information Cell Mixture Models
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