1?1What is analytical chemistry1
1?2Measurement of the analyte2
1?3Range2
1?4The analytical perspective3
2?1Determinate errors5
2?2Indeterminate errors6
2?3Accuracy and precision6
2?3?1Ways of expressing accuracy7
2?3?2Ways of expressing precision8
2?4The distribution of measurements and results9
2?4?1Populations and samples10
2?4?2Probability distributions for populations10
2?4?3Confidence intervals for populations11
2?4?4Probability distributions for samples12
2?5Confidence intervals for samples14
2?6Rejection of a result15
2?7Significant figures16
2?7?1Multiplication and division17
2?7?2Addition and subtraction18
2?7?3Logarithms19
2?8Rounding off19
本章小结20
PROBLEMS21
3?1General principles23
3?1?1Titration23
3?1?2Standard solutions23
3?1?3Classification of volumetric methods24
3?2Titer25
本章小结26
4?1Aqueous Acid?Base Theories27
4?2Acid?Base Equilbria in Water28
4?3The pH Scale29
4?3?1Proton Balance Equation30
4?3?2Weak Acids and Bases30
4?3?3Salts of Weal Acids and Bases31
4?3?4Polyprotic Acids and Their Salts32
4?3?5Buffers33
4?4Fraction of Dissociating Species at a Given pH：α?Values35
本章小结37
PROBLEMS38
5?1Strong acid strong base39
5?2Detection of the end point:indicators41
5?3Acid versus base43
5?3?1Weak acid versus strong base43
5?3?2Titration of polyprotic acid46
5?3?3Mixtures of acid or base46
5?4Preparation of standard base solutions48
5?5Preparation of standard acid solutions49
本章小结49
PROBLEMS51
6?1Complexes:formation constants53
6?2Chelates：EDTA54
6?2?1Metal?EDTA formation constants55
6?2?2EDTA is a weak acid55
6?2?3The formation constant55
6?2?4EDTA must compete with other ligands56
6?3EDTA titration curves57
6?3?1Calculating the titration curve57
6?4Detection of the end point：indicators60
6?5High purity EDTA62
6?6Fraction of dissociating species in polyligand complexes:β?values63
本章小结65
PROBLEMS66
7?1Principles67
7?2Electrochemical cells68
7?3The Nernst equation70
7?4Calculation of the equilibrium constant of a reaction72
7?5Titration curves73
7?6Detection of the end point76
7?6?1Self?indication76
7?6?2Starch indicator77
7?6?3Redox indictors77
7?7Formal potential78
7?7?1Dependence of potential on pH79
7?7?2Dependence of potential on complexation79
7?8Limitations of electrode potentials80
7?9Tetrations involving lodine：iodimetry and iodometry80
7?9?1Iodimetry80
7?9?2Iodometry82
7?10Titrations with oxidizing agents83
7?11Titration with reducing agents86
7?12Preparation of the analyte solution86
本章小结88
PROBLEMS89
8?1Effect of acidity on solubility of precipitates91
8?2Precipitation titrations93
8?2?1Titration curves93
8?2?2Detection of the end point: indicators95
本章小结98
PROBLEMS99
9?1Precipitation equilibria: the solubility product101
9?2The diverse ion effect on solubility：Ksp102
9?3Unit operations in gravimetric analysis103
9?3?1Steps of gravimetric analysis103
9?3?2Conditions for analytical precipitation104
9?3?3Digestion of the precipitate 105
9?3?4Impurities in precipitates107
9?3?5Washing and filtering the precipitates 108
9?3?6Drying or igniting the precipitate 109
9?3?7Homogeneous precipitation110
9?4Examples of gravimetric analysis111
本章小结111
PROBLEMS112
10?1What is electromagnetic radiation114
10?1?1Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation 114
10?1?2Particle properties of electromagnetic radiation115
10?2Spectroscopy based on absorption116
10?2?1Absorbance of electromagnetic radiation116
10?2?2UVVis spectra for molecules and ions116
10?3Transmittance and absorbance118
10?4Absorbance and concentration: Beer’s law119
10?5Beer’s law and multicomponent samples120
10?6Limitations to Beer’s law120
10?6?1Foundamental limitations to Beer’s law 120
10?6?2Chemical limitations to Beer’s law 121
10?6?3Instrumental limitations to Beer’s law121
本章小结122
PROBLEMS123
11?1Classifying separation techniques125
11?1?1Separation by precipitation125
11?1?2Extraction between two phases 127
11?1?3Liquid?liquid extractions 127
11?2Partition coefficients and distribution rations128
本章小结130
12?1Air analysis131
12?1?1Air sample collection131
12?1?2Air sample analysis134
12?2Water analysis134
12?2?1Sampling of water135
12?2?2Analysis of water samples135
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