《流体力学第5版英文影印版》
about the dvd xvii
preface xix
companion website xx
acknowledgments xxi
nomenclature xxii
1. introduction
1.1. fluid mechanics
1.2. units of measurement
1.3. solids, liquids, and gases
1.4. continuum hypothesis
1.5. molecular transport phenomena
1.6. surface tension
1.7. fluid statics
1.8. classical thermodynamics
first law of thermodynamics
equations of state
specific heats
second law of thermodynamics
property relations
speed of sound
thermal expansion coefficient
1.9. perfect gas
1.10. stability of stratified fluid media
potential temperature and density
scale height of the atmosphere
1.11. dimensional analysis
step 1. select variables and parameters
step 2. create the dimensional matrix
step 3. determine the rank of the dimensional matrix
step 4. determine the number of dimensionless groups
step 5. construct the dimensionless groups
step 6. state the dimensionless relationship
step 7. use physical reasoning or additional knowledge to simplify
the imensionlesselationship
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
2. cartesian tensors
2.1. scalars, vectors, tensors, notation
2.2. rotation of axes: formal definition of a vector
2.3. multiplication of matrices
2.4. second-ordertensors
2.5. contraction and multiplication
2.6. force on a surface
2.7. kronecker delta and altemating tensor
2.8. vector, dot, and cross products
2.9. gradient, divergence, and curl
2.10. symmetric and antisymmetric tensors
2.11. eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric tensor
2.12. gauss'' theorem
2.13. stokes''theorem
2.14. comma notation
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
3. kinematics
3.1. introduction and coordinate systems
3.2. particle and field descriptions of fluid motion
3.3. flow lines, fluid acceleration, and galilean
transformation
3.4. strain and rotation rates
summary
3.5. kinematics of simple plane flows
3.6. reynolds transport theorem
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
4. conservation laws
4.1. introduction
4.2. conservation of mass
4.3. stream functions
4.4. conservation of momentum
4.5. constitutive equation for a newtonian fluid
4.6. navier-stokes momentum equation
4.7. noninertial frame of reference
4.8. conservation of energy
4.9. special forms of the equations
angular momentum principle for a stationary control volume
bemoulli equations
neglect of gravity in constant density flows
the boussinesq approximation
summary
4.10. boundary conditions
moving and deforming boundaries
surface tension revisited
4.11. dimensionless forms of the equations and dynamic
similarity
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
5. vorticity dynamics
5.1. introduction
5.2. kelvin''s circulation theorem
5.3. helmholtz''s vortex theorems
5.4. vorticity equation in a nonrotating frame
5.5. velocity induced by a vortex filament: law
of blot and savart
5.6. vorticity equation in a rotating frame
5.7. interaction of vortices
5.8. vortex sheet
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
6. ideal flow
6.1. relevance of irrotational constant-density flow theory
6.2. two. dimensional stream function and velocity potential
6.3. construction of elementary flows in two dimensions
6.4. complex potential
6.5. forces on a two-dimensional body
blasius theorem
kutta-zhukhovsky lift theorem
6.6. conformal mapping
6.7. numerical solution techniques in two dimensions
6.8. axisymmetric ideal flow
6.9. three-dimensional potential flow and apparent mass
6.10. concluding remarks
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
7. gravity waves
7.1. introduction
7.2. linear liquid-surface gravity waves
approximations for deep and shallow water
7.3. influence of surface tension
7.4. standing waves
7.5. group velocity, energy flux, and dispersion
7.6. nonlinear waves in shallow and deep water
7.7. waves on a density interface
7.8. internal waves in a continuously stratified fluid
internal waves in a stratified fluid
dispersion of internal waves in a stratified fluid
energy considerations for internal waves in a stratified
fluid
exercises
literature cited
8. laminar flow
8.1. introduction
8.2. exact solutions for steady incompressible viscous flow
steady flow between parallel plates
steady flow in a round tube
steady flow between concentric rotating cylinders
8.3. elementary lubrication theory
8.4. similarity solutions for unsteady incompressible viscous
flow
8.5. flow due to an oscillating plate
8.6. low reynolds number viscous flow past a sphere
8.7. final remarks
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
9. boundary layers and related topics
9.1. introduction
9.2. boundary-layer thickness definitions
9.3. boundary layer on a flat plate: blasius solution
9.4. falkner-skan similarity solutions of the laminar
boundary-layer equations
9.5. von karman momentum integral equation
9.6. thwaites'' method
9.7. transition, pressure gradients,
and boundary-layer separation
9.8. flow past a circular cylinder
low reynolds numbers
moderate reynolds numbers
high reynolds numbers
9.9. flow past a sphere and the dynamics of sports balls
cricket ball dynamics
tennis ball dynamics
baseball dynamics
9.10. two-dimensional jets
9.11. secondary flows
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
10. computational fluid dynamics
howard h. hu
10.1. introduction
10.2. finite-differencemethod
approximation to derivatives
discretization and its accuracy
convergence, consistency, and stability
10.3. finite-elementmethod
weak or variational form of partial differential equations
galerkin''s approximation and finite- element interpolations
matrix equations, comparison with
finite-difference method
element point of view of the finite- element method
10.4. incompressible viscous fluid flow
convection-dominated problems
incompressibility condition
explicit maccormack scheme
mac scheme
~-scheme
mixed finite-element formulation
10.5. three examples
explicit maccormack scheme for driven-cavity flow problem
explicit maccormack scheme for flow over a square block
finite-element formulation for
flow over a cylinder confined in
a channel
10.6. concluding remarks
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
11. instability
11.1. introduction
11.2. method of normal modes
11.3. kelvin-helmholtzlnstability
11.4. thermal instability: the b~nard problem
11.5. double-diffusive instability
11.6. centrifugal instability: taylor problem
11.7. instability of continuously stratified parallel flows
11.8. squire''s theorem and the orr-sommeffeld equation
11.9. inviscid stability of parallel flows
11.10. results for parallel and nearly parallel viscous flows
two-stream shear layer
plane poiseuille flow
plane couette flow
pipe flow
boundary layers with pressure gradients
11.11. experimental verification of boundary-layer
instability
11.12. comments on nonlinear effects
11.13. transition
11.14. deterministic chaos
closure
exercises
literature cited
12. turbulence
12.1. introduction
12.2. historical notes
12.3. nomenclature and statistica for turbulent flow
12.4. correlations and spectra
12.5. averaged equations of motion
12.6. homogeneous isotropic turbulence
12.7. turbulent energy cascade and spectrum
12.8. free turbulent shear flows
12.9. wall-bounded turbulent shear flows
inner layer: law of the wall
outer layer: velocity defect law
overlap layer: logarithmic law
rough surfaces
12.10. turbulence modeling
a mixing length model
one-equation models
two-equation models
12.11. turbulence in a stratified medium
the richardson numbers
monin-obukhov length
spectrum of temperature fluctuations
12.12. taylor''s theory of turbulent dispersion
rate of dispersion of a single particle
random walk
behavior of a smoke plume in the wind
turbulent diffusivity
12.13. concluding remarks
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
13. geophysical fluid dynamics
13.1. introduction
13.2. vertical variation of density in the atmosphere and
ocean
13.3. equations of motion
13.4. approximate equations for a thin layer on
a rotating sphere
f-plane model
~-plane model
13.5. geostrophicflow
thermal wind
taylor-proudman theorem
13.6. ekman layer at a free surface
explanation in terms of vortex tilting
13.7. ekman layer on a rigid surface
13.8. shallow-waterequations
13.9. normal modes in a continuously stratified layer
boundary conditions on ~
vertical mode solution for uniform n
summary
13.t0. high- and low-frequency regimes in shallow-water
equations
13.11. gravity waves with rotation
particle orbit
inertial motion
13.12. kelvin wave
13.13. potential vorticity conservation in
shallow~water theory
13.14. intemal waves
wkb solution
particle orbit
discussion of the dispersion relation
lee wave
13.15. rossby wave
quasi~geostrophic vorticity equation
dispersion relation
13.16. barotropicinstabitity
13.17. barocliniclnstability
perturbation vorticity equation
wave solution
instability criterion
energetics
13.18. geostrophicturbulence
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
14. aerodynamics
14.1. introduction
14.2. aircraft terminology
control surfaces
14.3. characteristics of airfoil sections
historical notes
14.4. conformal transformation for generating airfoil shapes
14.5. lift of a zhukhovsky airfoil
14.6. elementary lifting line theory for wings of finite span
lanchester versus prandtl
14.7. lift and drag characteristics of airfoils
14.8. propulsive mechanisms of fish and birds
14.9. sailing against the wind
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
15. compressible flow
15.1. introduction
perfect gas thermodynamic relations
15.2. acoustics
15.3. basic equations for one-dimensional flow
15.4. reference properties in compressible flow
15.5. area-velocity relationship in one-dimensional isentropic
flow
15.6. normal shock waves
stationary normal shock wave in a moving medium
moving normal shock wave in a stationary medium
normal shock structure
15.7. operation of nozzles at different back pressures
convergent nozzle
convergent-divergent nozzle
15.8. effects of friction and heating in constant-area ducts
effect of friction
effect of heat transfer
15.9. pressure waves in planar compressible flow
15.10. thin airfoil theory in supersonic flow
exercises
literature cited
supplemental reading
16. introduction to biofluid mechanics
portonovo s, ayyaswamy
16.1. introduction
16.2. the circulatory system in the human body
the heart as a pump
nature of blood
nature of blood vessels
16.3. modeling of flow in blood vessels
steady blood flow theory
pulsatile blood flow theory
blood vessel bifurcation: an application of poiseuille''s formula
and murray''s law
flow in a rigid-walled curved tube
flow in collapsible tubes
laminar flow of a casson fluid in a rigid-walled tube
pulmonary circulation
the pressure pulse curve in the right ventricle
effect of pulmonary arterial pressure on pulmonary resistance
16.4. introduction to the fluid mechanics of plants
exercises
acknowledgment
literature cited
supplemental reading
appendix a
appendix b
appendix c
appendix d
index
內容試閱：
In the fall of 2009, Elsevier approached
me about possibly taking over as the lead author of this
textbook. After some consider-ation and receipt of encouragement
from faculty colleagues here at the University of Michigan and
beyond, I agreed. The ensuing revision effort then tenaciously
pulled all the slack out of my life for the next 18 months.
Unfortunately, I did not have the honor or pleasure of meeting or
knowing either prior author, and have therefore missed the
opportunity to receive their advice and guid-ance. Thus, the
revisions made for this 5th Edition of Fluid Mechanics have been
driven primarily by my experience teaching and interacting with
undergraduate and grad-uate students during the last two
decades.
Overall, the structure, topics, and tech-nical level of the 4th
Edition have been largely retained, so instructors who have made
prior use of this text should recognize much in the 5th Edition.
This textbook should still be suitable for advanced-undergraduate
or beginning-graduate courses in fluid mechanics. However, I have
tried to make the subject of fluid mechanics more acces-sible to
students who may have only studied the subject during one prior
semester, or who may need fluid mechanics knowledge to pursue
research in a related field.
Given the long history of this important subject, this textbook
at best reflects one evolving instructional approach. In my
experience as a student, teacher, and faculty member, a textbook is
most effective when used as a supporting pedagogical tool for an
effective lecturer. Thus my primary revision objective has been to
improve the text''s overall utility to students and instruc-tors by
adding introductory material and references to the first few
chapters, by increasing the prominence of engineering applications
of fluid mechanics, and by providing a variety of new exercises
more than 200 and figures more than 100. For the chapters
receiving the most attention 1-9, 11-12, and 14 this has meant
approx-imately doubling, tripling, or quadrupling the number of
exercises. Some of the new exercises have been built from
derivations that previously had appeared in the body of the text,
and some involve simple kitchen or bathroom experiments. My hope
for a future edition is that there will be time to further expand
the exercise offerings, espe-cially in Chapters 10, 13, 15, and
16.
In preparing this 5th Edition, some reor-ganization, addition,
and deletion of mate-rial has also taken place. Dimensional
analysis has been moved to Chapter 1. The stream function''s''
introduction and the dynamic-similarity topic have been moved to
Chapter 4. Reynolds transport theorem now occupies the final
section of Chapter 3. The discussion of the wave equa-tion has been
placed in the acoustics sec-tion of Chapter 15. Major topical
additions are: apparent mass Chapter 6, elemen-tary lubrication
theory Chapter 8, and Thwaites method Chapter 9. The sections
covering the laminar shear layer, and boundary-layer theory from a
purely math-ematical perspective, and coherent struc-tures in
wall-bounded turbulent flow have been removed. The specialty
chapters 10,13, and 16 have been left largely untouched except
for a few language changes and appropriate renumbering of
equations. In addition, some sections have been combined to save
space, but this has been offset by an expansion of nearly every
figure caption and the introduction of a nomenclature section with
more than 200 entries.
Only a few notation changes have been made. Index and vector
notation predomi-nate throughout the text. The comma nota-tion for
derivatives now only appears in Section 5.6. The notation for unit
vectors has been changed from bold i to bold e to conform to other
texts in physics and engi-neering. In addition, a serious effort
was made to denote two- and three-dimensional coordinate systems in
a consistent manner from chapter to chapter However, the completion
of this task, which involves retyping literally hundreds of
equations, was not possible in the time available.
Thus, cylindrical coordinates R, φ, z pre-dominate, but r, θ,
x still appear in Table 12.1, Chapter 16, and a few other
places.
And, as a final note, the origins of many of the new exercises
are referenced to individuals and other sources via footnotes.
However, I am sure that such referencing is incomplete because of
my imperfect mem-ory and record keeping. Therefore, I stand ready
to correctly attribute the origins of any problem contained herein.
Furthermore, I welcome the opportunity to correct any errors you
find, to hear your opinion of how this book might be improved, and
to include exercises you might suggest; just contact me at
drd@uraich.edu.
David R. Dowling
Ann Arbor, Michigan
2011
COMPANION WEBSITE
An updated errata sheet is available on the book''s companion
website. To access the errata, visit www.
elsevierdirect.com9780123821003 and click on the companion site
link. Instructors teaching with this book may access the solutions
manual and image bank by visiting www. textbooks.elsevier.com and
following the online instructions to log on and register.
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