前言 indd 2 2013-4-7 9:52:
Chapter 1 Ancient Greece: The Open-source of the Western History
and Culture
第一章 古希腊——西方历史与文化的开源
1. Ancient Greece：A history both of wars and of civilization
古希腊：一部战争史，也是一部文明史
2. The civilization marks pioneering in the western culture
开创西方文化先河的文明印记
Chapter 2 Ancient Rome: Latin Native Culture with Greek Color
第二章 古罗马——希腊色彩染成的拉丁人乡土文化
1. Ancient Rome：The brief history from the founding myth to each
historical stage 古罗马：从神话起源到各个历史阶段的简史
2. Architecture wonders in the background of Latin Native Culture
拉丁人乡土文化背景下的建筑艺术奇迹
Chapter 3 Ancient Egypt: The Unique Nile Civilization
第三章 古埃及——奇特的尼罗河文明
1. Ancient Egypt：The process of historical culture, and the
inheritance of living culture 古埃及：历史文化的进程，生活文化的传承
2. Great contribution to the civilization in many
fields众多领域内的伟大文明贡献
Chapter 4 Babylon: The Sleeping Civilization under the Dust
Cover
第四章 巴比伦——沙尘掩盖下的沉睡文明
1. Babylon：The great history and construction of the short lived
Empire 巴比伦：短命帝国的伟大历史和宏大工程
2. Legendary traces of civilization on the mound and mud-bricks
沙堆与泥砖上刻写的传奇文明痕迹
Chapter 5 Ancient India: The Urban Culture of the Bronze Age
第五章 古印度——青铜时代的城市文化
1. Ancient India：The legendary dynastic changes and civilization
process 古印度：传奇式的朝代更替与文明进程
2. The contribution to the human civilizations made by the melting
pot of Indian cultures 印度文化大熔炉对人类文明的贡献
Chapter 6 Olmec: The Oldest American Civilization
第六章 奥尔梅克——最古老的美洲文明
1. Olmec：The history and culture of the first major civilization in
Mexico 奥尔梅克：墨西哥地区
第一大文明的历史和文化
2. Ancient America''s most striking civilization
monuments古代美洲最引人注目的文明古迹
Chapter 7 Inca: The Civilization of No Written Language
第七章 印加——没有书面语言的文明
1. Inca：The brief history and culture of the old empire in America
印加：美洲古老帝国的历史与文化概况
2. The culture is through word of mouth and the historical sites
are on the land 口口相传的是文化，落地成埃的是古迹
Chapter 8 Maya: A Bright Wonder in the History of World Culture
第八章 玛雅——世界文明史上的璀璨奇葩
1. Maya：The historical periods and unique
civilizations玛雅：不同的历史时期与独特的文明状况
2. A variety of ancient cities, and rich and colorful
cultures琳琅满目的古城与丰富多彩的文化
Chapter 9 Aztec: The Last Character in Mexican Culture Stage
第九章 阿兹特克——墨西哥文化舞台上的最后角色
1. Aztec：The ups and downs in the Valley of Mexico and its
civilizing process 阿兹特克：墨西哥谷地的起起落落与文明历程
2. The final gift on the stage of ancient Mexican
culture古代墨西哥文化舞台上的最后献礼
Chapter 10 Pompeii: A Song of Life after the Outright
Catastrophes
第十章 庞贝古城——灭顶之灾后的生命赞歌
1. Pompeii：The past prosperous time and the magical landscapes of
appearance and disappearance 庞贝：曾经的繁荣时光与或现或灭的神奇景观
2. Wonderful cultural relics of Pompeii 庞贝的文化遗迹奇观
Chapter 11 Angkor: The Thousand-year Mystery in the Heaven Hidden
in the Jungle
第十一章 吴哥——徘徊在丛林天堂的千年奥秘
1. Angkor：The historical stories and the people''s life of the magic
civilization 吴哥：神奇文明的历史故事与人民生活
2. The vanished civilization and its outstanding
monuments消失的文明与瑰丽的古迹
Chapter 12 Persepolis: The Persian Civilization through the Palace
Fire and Desert Miracle
第十二章 波斯波利斯——穿越宫廷之火与沙漠奇迹的波斯文明
1. Persepolis：The ups and downs of the historic
civilization波斯波利斯：千古文明的沧海桑田
2. CivilizationMarks of architectural art and historical festivals
建筑艺术和历史节日的文明印记
Chapter 13 Pagan: The Mysterious City of Towers
第十三章 蒲甘——神秘的万塔之城
1. Pagan：The long history of the 4-million-Pagoda
city蒲甘：四百万宝塔之城的漫漫长史
2. The glorious Buddhist civilization and the rich civilian culture
璀璨的佛教文化与丰富的平民文化
Chapter 14 Loulan Kingdom: The Beautiful and Ethereal Dream on the
Silk Road
第十四章 楼兰古国——丝绸之路上的缥缈旖梦
1. Kroraina：Historicalchanges and people''s fate of the prosperous
state 楼兰：繁华古城的历史变迁与人民命运
2. Legendary relics of the“Oriental Pompeii”“东方庞贝城”的传奇遗迹
……
內容試閱：
第一章 古希腊——西方历史与文化的开源
century AD, or for about 1,300 years.
Classical Antiquity in Greece is preceded by the Greek Dark Ages
c. 1100–c. 750 BC, archaeologically characterised by the
protogeometric and geometric style of designs on pottery, succeeded
by the Orientalizing Period, a strong influence of Assyrian,
Phoenician and Egyptian cultures.
Traditionally, the Archaic period of ancient Greece is taken in
the wake of this strong Orientalizing influence during the 8th
century BC, which among other things brought the alphabetic script
to Greece, marking the beginning of Greek literature. The Archaic
period gives way to the Classical period around 500 BC, in turn
succeeded by the Hellenistic period at the death of Alexander the
Great in 323 BC.
The history of Greece during Classical Antiquity may thus be
subdivided into the following periods:
The Archaic period c. 750 – c. 500 BC follows, in which artists
made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff, hieratic poses with
the dreamlike ""archaic smile"".
The Classical period c. 500–c. 323 BC is characterised by a
style which was considered by later observers to be exemplary—for
instance the famous Parthenon. Politically, the Classical Period
was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th
century BC, displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th
century BC, before power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League
and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon.
The Hellenistic period 323–146 BC is when Greek culture and
power expanded into the Near and Middle East. This period begins
with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest.
Roman Greece, the period between Roman victory over the
Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the
establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the
Roman Empire in 330 AD.
The final phase of Antiquity is the period of Christianization
during
the later 4th to early 6th centuries, taken to be complete with
the closure of the Neoplatonic Academy by Justinian I in 529
AD.
还没有确定或很多人公认的古希腊时期开始的时间，人们通常认为这是一段从公元前8世纪到公元6世纪的1300年的历史。
古希腊时期是在希腊黑暗时代（大约公元前1100～前750年），陶器的设计充分体现了东方化时代的原几何与几何的风格，那是受亚述文化、腓尼基文化和埃及文化的强烈影响造成的。
从传统上说，在公元前8世纪，古希腊古风时期受到这种东方化文化的影响颇大，将拼音字母连同其他的文化带到了希腊，标志着希腊文学的开端。古风时期让道于古典时期大约是在公元前500年，接下来是公元前323年亚历山大大帝去世后的希腊化时期。
古希腊时期的希腊历史可以分成以下几个时期：
古风时期（大约公元前750～前500年）。这一时期的艺术家开拓了制作更大且坚硬的自立雕塑的时代，其风格多呈现神圣姿势以及如梦般蒙眬之“古风的微笑”。
古典时期（公元前500～前323年）。此期堪称古希腊典范的艺术风格发展成熟期，此期著名的作品如帕特农神庙。在政治上，古典时期主要是由公元前5世纪的雅典和提洛同盟统治，他们在公元前4世纪被斯巴达统治解散了，权力转移到了底比斯和维奥蒂亚同盟，最后又交给了马其顿领导的科林斯同盟。
希腊化时期（公元前323～前146年）。此期希腊的文化和权力扩展到了近东和中东。这一时期开始于亚历
第一章 古希腊——西方历史与文化的开源
古希腊神庙遗址
山大大帝的驾崩，结束于罗马人的入侵。
希腊罗马时代。此期开始于公元前146年，以科林斯战争中的罗马人战胜科林斯人为标志，结束于公元330年，当时君士坦丁建立了拜占庭，并以此作为罗马帝国的首都。
古希腊的最后阶段是公元4世纪晚期至6世纪早期的皈依基督时期，这个时期结束于公元529年，以查士丁尼一世关闭柏拉图学院为分界点。
Greco-Persian Wars：Darius and his son fought in vain
希波战争：大流士父子无功而返
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between
the
Achaemenid Empire of Persia and city-states of the Hellenic world
that
started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between
the fractious
political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the
Persians
began when Cyrus the Great conquered Ionia in 547 BC. Struggling
to rule the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians
appointed tyrants to rule each of them.
In 499 BC, the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, embarked on an
expedition to conquer the island of Naxos, with Persian support;
however, the expedition was a debacle and, pre-empting his
dismissal, Aristagoras incited all of Hellenic Asia Minor into
rebellion against the Persians. This was the beginning of the
Ionian Revolt, progressively drawing more regions of Asia Minor
into the conflict. Aristagoras secured military support from Athens
and Eretria, and in 498 BC these forces helped to capture and burn
the Persian regional capital of Sardis. The Persian king Darius the
Great vowed to have revenge on Athens and Eretria for this act. The
revolt continued, with the two sides effectively stalemated
throughout 497–495 BC. In 494 BC, the Persians regrouped, and
attacked the epicentre of the revolt in Miletus. At the Battle of
Lade, the rebellion collapsed, with the final members being stamped
out the following year.
Seeking to secure his empire from further revolts and from the
interference of the mainland Greeks, Darius embarked on a scheme to
conquer Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria for burning Sardis.
The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC, with the
Persian general Mardonius conquering Thrace and Macedon before
several mishaps forced an early end to the campaign. In 490 BC a
second force was sent to Greece, this time across the Aegean Sea,
under the command of
Datis and Artaphernes. This expedition subjugated the Cyclades,
before besieging, capturing and razing Eretria. However, while on
route to attack Athens, the Persian force was decisively defeated
by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, ending Persian efforts
for the time being. Darius died in 486 BC and responsibility for
the conquest passed to his son Xerxes I. In 480 BC, Xerxes
personally led the second Persian invasion of Greece with one of
the largest ancient armies ever assembled. Victory over the
‘Allied’Greek states led by Sparta and Athens at the Battle of
Thermopylae allowed the Persians to overrun most of Greece.
However, while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet, the
Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis. The
following year, the confederated Greeks went on the offensive,
defeating the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, and ending the
invasion of Greece.
The allied Greeks followed up their success by destroying the
rest of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mycale, before expelling
Persian garrisons from Sestos 479 BC and Byzantium 478 BC. The
actions of the general Pausanias at the siege of Byzantium
alienated many of the Greek states from the Spartans, and the
anti-Persian alliance was therefore reconstituted around Athenian
leadership, as the so-called Delian League. The Delian League
continued to campaign against Persia for the next three decades,
beginning with the expulsion of the remaining Persian garrisons
from Europe. At the Battle of the Eurymedon in 466 BC, the League
won a double victory that finally secured freedom for the cities of
Ionia. However, the League’s involvement in an Egyptian revolt 460
BC–454 BC resulted in a disastrous defeat, and further campaigning
was suspended. A fleet was sent to Cyprus in 451 BC, but achieved
little, and when it withdrew the Greco-Persian Wars drew to a quiet
end.
希波战争是在公元前499～前449年波斯与古希腊城邦之间的一系列冲突。公元前547年，波斯的居鲁士大帝征服了爱奥尼亚，但此后爱奥尼亚
腊，并发誓要向雅典和俄瑞特利亚报萨第斯被焚的一箭之仇。波斯人的第一次入侵始于公元前492年，由波斯将军马多尼乌斯指挥军队攻下了色雷斯和马其顿，但这支部队却因征途中的小差错而功败垂成。于是波斯人又于前490年派去了第二支军队，在达提斯和阿塔佛涅斯的指挥下横渡爱琴海后占领了基克拉泽斯，随之又围困了俄瑞特利亚并将其夷为平地。然而，在随后的挥师雅典中，波斯人却在马拉松战役中被雅典军队打败。波斯人的第一次入侵就此止步，大流士也在前486年死去，并把征服大业传给了儿子薛西斯一世。公元前480年，薛西斯一世亲率一支古代历史上屈指可数的大军开始了对希腊的第
第一章 古希腊——西方历史与文化的开源
二次入侵。波斯军队在温泉关战役击败了由斯巴达和雅典领导的希腊联军后曾一度占领了希腊的大部分土地，然而他们的海军却在接下来的萨拉米斯海战中被希腊联合海军击溃。次年，希腊人转守为攻在帕拉提亚战役中再次得胜，从而终止了波斯的侵略。
希腊联军乘胜追击，在米卡勒战役中扫除波斯海军残部，并在公元前479年和公元前478年分别击溃屯于塞斯托斯和拜占庭的波斯守军。在围困拜占庭期间，希腊联军的帕萨尼阿斯将军的所作所为让许多希腊城邦疏远了斯巴达，他们转而接受雅典的领导，形成了所谓的提洛同盟。提洛同盟在随后的战斗里将波斯军队彻底驱逐出欧洲，在公元前466年的欧里梅敦战役中，同盟军取得了胜利，并最终解放了爱奥尼亚全境。但是，提洛同盟在公元前460年～前454年间因介入埃及叛乱而遭受灭顶之灾，他们被迫停止进军。公元前451年，他们还派出过一支海军到塞浦路斯却无功而返，希波战争就此悄然停火。
……
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