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| 內容簡介： |
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《全球顶级名校名师科学讲堂》是留学海外，通过SAT、雅思考试的最佳参考素材。《全球顶级名校名师科学讲堂》精选了各大门户网站点击率名列前茅并深受“淘课族”追捧的科学课程，选取其中的精华主题，并加入资料介绍等相关内容，对名校公开课进行了更为详尽的阐释。《全球顶级名校名师科学讲堂》精选的课程包括：“健康图书馆”“人类健康的未来”“进化、生态和行为原理”“生物医学工程探索”“基础物理”“化学原理”“机器人学”“天体物理学之探索和争议”和“生物学导论”。《全球顶级名校名师科学讲堂》的每节内容包含以下九大板块：课程介绍；主讲教师介绍；本节导读；大师语录；网友热评；双语课文；词汇注释；难点破解；衍生阅读。
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| 關於作者： |
科学讲堂主讲老师
1.
史蒂芬·C·斯特恩斯（Stephen
C. Stearns）是耶鲁大学教授，专攻生活历史演变和药品进化研究。他曾就读于耶鲁大学、威斯康星大学和不列颠哥伦比亚大学；所撰写的专著包括《演变、介绍》《灭绝边缘》《生命演化历史》等。他创立欧洲社会进化生物学和热带生物学协会，并曾经担任主席。他讲课十分精彩，引人入胜，尤擅长用简练的语言和恰到好处的例子将晦涩难懂的生态与生物学概念演绎得简单易懂。
2.
W·马克·萨尔茨曼（W.
Mark Saltzman）是哈佛大学天文学博士，耶鲁大学化学教授、生物医学工程戈伊苏埃塔基金会教授、生物医学工程系主任。萨尔茨曼教授是耶鲁大学、约翰·霍普金斯、康奈尔大学、宾夕法尼亚大学等高校杰出教学奖励的获得者。他的主要著作包括《药物治疗的工程原理和组织工程学原理》《用于替换器官和组织的设计原理》等。他的许多文章刊登在《生物材料》和《自然-材料学》等杂志上。马克教授擅长将课上和书本上比较难理解的概念进行形象而生动的比喻，使学生容易理解，同时也会使学生加深记忆。
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| 目錄：
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［健康图书馆］
01 Rashes that Itch 发痒的疹子
02 On Obesity 治疗肥胖症
03 Yoga for Pain Relief 缓痛瑜伽
04 Modern Rhinoplasty Surgery 现代鼻整形手术
［人类健康的未来］
05 Giving Sight to the Blind 让盲人重获光明
06 Visualizing Desire 可视化的欲望
［进化、生态和行为原理］
07 Biological Evolution 生物进化
08 Neutral Evolution 中性进化
［生物医学工程探索］
09 Bring You to the World of Biomedical Engineering
带你进入生物医学工程世界
10 Let’s Interpret Mysterious DNA 解读神秘DNA
11 Immune System 免疫系统
［基础物理］
12 Newton’s Laws牛顿定律
13 Work Energy Theorem and Conservation of Energy功能原理和能量守恒定律
［化学原理］
14 The Importance of Chemistry 化学的重要性
［机器人学］
15 Application of Robots 机器人的应用
［天体物理学之探索和争议］
16 Solar System太阳系
17 Transit行星凌
18 Black Holes黑洞
［生物学导论］
19 Cancer癌症
20 AIDS艾滋病
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| 內容試閱：
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01. Rashes that Itch
发痒的疹子课程介绍斯坦福大学的“健康图书馆”是公开课中最热的课程之一，这是一门非常贴近生活的实用课程。这门课程以讲座的形式，为我们仔细讲解了生活中各种常见的健康问题，如抽烟与咳嗽、下腰痛、情绪失衡等，这些讲座告诉我们如何从身边的小事做起保持身心健康，如何从细节检测自己的健康状况，如何应对常见的疾病，如癌症、白血病、乳腺癌等。主讲教师彭大卫（David
Peng）是斯坦福大学的临床副教授，主管实习医生培训项目，是斯坦福优秀亚裔教授的代表。在讲课中彭教授语言诙谐，吐字清晰，讲座的内容非常有条理，讲授的知识贴近学生的生活，非常实用。本节导读本节课主要介绍了发痒疹子的四种最平常的原因，并讨论了处理疹子的办法。第一个原因是干燥的皮肤，治疗方法就是使用润肤膏和教授自创的“3分钟法则”。第二个原因是真菌，方法是用杀灭真菌的药物。第三个原因是虫咬，可用局部类固醇药膏来治疗。第四种是一大类，即接触性过敏，其中教授介绍了I型过敏症和IV型过敏症的区别，最后指出治疗疹子最纯粹的方法，就是找出对什么过敏，然后避开它，不需要用任何药物。大师语录预防疹子最纯粹的方法，就是找到你过敏的物质，避开它，你不需要用任何药物。网友热评这节课很实用，我了解了一些常见的皮肤病的起因。
——网易网友 帅帅的讲师，清晰的吐词，讲授生活的健康! ——网易网友 正文 Tonight, I’m going to
lecturing on “Rashes that Itch”. Now this is always an interesting
topic because we all get these. There are many different forms of
rashes that can cause an itch. I wanted to begin by saying that I
have never taken a cent from any drug company. During this lecture,
I will refer to a couple of medications. Again, I’ve never taken
anything from any of them. Maybe I should. I hear that they pay a
lot. I think many of us have gone through situations where we feel
this way—that it feels so good to scratch. Why is it that
dermatologists are so hesitant to have us do that? We’re going to
go over some of the most common causes of itchy rashes, and
hopefully at the end, we’ll talk about ways we can treat these
rashes without scratching.
今晚，我的讲座的题目是《发痒的疹子》。这总是个有趣的话题，因为我们都会起发痒的疹子。有许多不同类型的疹子，它们都会引起发痒。开始讲座之前我想要说的是，我从来没有拿过任何医药公司的一分钱，在讲座进行中，我将会提到一些药物，再讲一遍，我从没拿过他们的钱，或许我应该拿点儿，我听说他们会给很多钱。我想我们大多数人都有这样的经历，感觉挠痒痒太棒了，那为什么皮肤科医生这么不愿意让我们这么做呢？我们来看一下引起发痒疹子的一些最平常的原因，希望在最后，我们来讨论一些不通过挠痒痒来处理这些疹子的方法。
The first cause of itching that I would mention is dry skin. I’m
going to be using a lot of photographs in this lecture. I used to
like to leave my dermatology books out on the coffee table; my wife
would subsequently take them and hide them because some of the
photos that you see can be quite bothersome, so I apologize ahead
of time. These are truly the causes of itching: The first one is
dry skin. We call it “xerosis”. Xerosis is a condition in which
your skin in seasonal variation can become very dry and very itchy.
For many of us, it’s our normal skin. We were not intended to live
in the dry desert of California. How do we treat this? The main
treatment to prevent itching from dry skin is moisturizing. Many of
us think, when we hear the word “moisturizers”, we think that
they’re all the same. That’s actually not too true. The truth is
that moisturizers, there are four main types, and they vary in
strength. ①The strength of a moisturizer is based on the vehicle.
What a vehicle is the mode of delivery of a medicine. There are
really four different types. All the moisturizers are a combination
of oil and water. The four types are different percentages of oil
versus water. The first two are “solutions” and “lotions”. ②In
these two cases, the water content is far greater than the oil
content. So if you were to try to moisturize yourself with the
product you see on the left, that’s just a fluocinonide solution,
it wouldn’t work very well. It would be like trying to moisturize
your skin with water. We all know that that doesn’t work very well.
In fact, things that have a lot of water in it tend to make us even
more dry because when the water evaporates, it tends to take some
of the moisture in our skin with it. So anytime you take a bath,
and you come out, it actually makes you more dry after it has
evaporated. Water as a vehicle would not function well as a
moisturizer. Now, as we add more oil into the water, the first step
that we reach is lotion. Most of us use lotions. Why is that? They
make us feel good after we’ve used them. ③They’re not too thick,
and they’re not too greasy, but they’re still far more water than
oil. Anyone who comes in with very dry skin that causing a
significant itch, dermatologists don’t tend to prescribe lotions
for them because the lotions actually make them worse. The
characteristic of a lotion is that it does have a little bit of oil
to it, so it feels good on the skin. When you initially put it on,
it does feel like it is moisturizing, but after a while, those
lotions will evaporate, and they can cause us to become even drier.
So solutions and lotions we tend not to use as moisturizers, even
though lotions are extremely popular. Another two types are creams
and ointments: these are where the oil content surpasses the water
content. The classic creams would be like Eucerin cream or Cetaphil
cream. Now, if you took a lotion and compared it to a cream, you’d
see that a cream is definitely thicker than a lotion. When you
apply these creams, they actually tend to moisturize far better
than the lotion, and they don’t evaporate. That can be troublesome
as well because you can see a white film on you all day long.
Nevertheless, we try to moisturize with vehicles that have more oil
than water. Creams are a great option. The picture here on the
right is an ointment. The most common ointment that we might use is
Vaseline. You can imagine when we put Vaseline on, so much so, when
you put your clothes on top of that, you can get pretty not
comfortable because you can see the oil penetrating through the
clothes. As a result, sometimes we tend not to use the ointment
simply because it’s hard on the patient’s lifestyle. Where do we
fall in the spectrum of solution versus lotion versus cream versus
ointment? ④If you were really moisturizing someone because it was
an itch that was so bad that it needed to be treated, we would tend
to use an ointment because it tends to work the best. The problem
is most people try to moisturize to try to able to go through the
day. If that’s the case, we tend to fall on using creams because
creams do work well. They are thick, but they’re not so oily as
ointments, and they tend to moisturize better, for sure better than
the lotions and solutions. The first treatment for our first cause
of itching is moisturizers.
我要讲的发痒的第一个原因是干燥的皮肤。在这个讲座中，我会用到许多照片。我过去喜欢把皮肤学的书放在咖啡桌上，我妻子随后会把它们拿走藏起来，因为有些图片，你们可以看到，可能会非常恶心，所以我提前致歉。这些是导致发痒的真正原因，第一是干燥的皮肤，我们叫做“干燥病”。干燥病是指你的皮肤在季节的变化中会变得非常干燥和发痒。对于我们很多人来说，这是我们的正常皮肤，我们并不是想住在加利福尼亚的干旱沙漠里。我们要如何治疗干燥病呢？防止干燥皮肤发痒的主要治疗方法是湿润，我们许多人会想，当我们听到“润肤膏”这一词时，我们觉得它们都是一样的，实际上这并不完全正确。润肤膏主要有四种，它们在强度上有所不同，润肤膏的强度依赖于介质，介质是药物传送的方式，有四种不同的类型。所有的润肤膏都是油和水的混合物，这四种不同的类型取决于油和水不同的比例，前两者是“溶液”和“洗剂”，这两种的含水量要远远高于含油量。因此如果你尝试用左边你看到的这种产品湿润皮肤，这是氟轻松醋酸脂溶液，它不会起太大作用。这就像是用水湿润皮肤一样，我们都知道这不起作用。实际上，含水量多的东西甚至会让我们变得更加干燥，因为当水蒸发时，它会带走我们皮肤中的一部分水分。所以在任何时候，当你洗完澡出来，在水蒸发后，你会更加干燥。水这种介质作为湿润剂，并不是很起作用。现在，当我们将更多的油加入水中，我们达到的第一步是洗剂，我们大部分人都会用洗剂，为什么呢？在用完洗剂后，它们让我们感觉很舒服，它们不会很稠，也不会太滑腻，但它们仍然更像水而不是油。对任何因干燥皮肤而严重发痒的病人，皮肤科医生不会给他们开洗剂处方，因为洗剂会使他们的情况变得更坏。洗剂的特点是它的确含有一点油分，所以皮肤会感觉很好。当你最初涂抹时，确实感觉像是它在湿润皮肤，但过一会儿这些洗剂就会蒸发，这会让我们变得更加干燥。所以溶液和洗剂不是我们用作润肤膏的选择，尽管洗剂十分流行。另外两类是面霜和油膏，在这两种物质中，油含量超过了水含量，典型的面霜是优色林牌，或丝塔芙牌。现在，如果你将洗剂和面霜作比较，你会看到面霜肯定比洗剂浓稠。当你用面霜时，它们确实要比洗剂的湿润效果好很多，而且它们不会蒸发。但这也会很麻烦，因为一整天你都能看到皮肤上有一层白膜，然而，我们要尝试着用些油含量大于水含量的介质来保湿，面霜是一个极好的选择。右面的这幅图是油膏，我们使用的最平常的油膏是凡士林，你能想象到，当我们抹凡士林时，油比水要多，以至于当你穿上衣服，你会觉得特别不舒服，因为你能感觉到油穿透了你的衣服。所以有时候我们不倾向于用油膏，因为它不利于病人的生活。那么我们在溶液、洗剂、面霜和油膏之中要选择什么呢？如果你想真正的湿润皮肤，因为它实在是痒，以至于需要治疗，我们倾向于使用油膏，因为它最有效。问题在于大多数人湿润皮肤是为了度过一整天，如果是这种情况，我们会用霜，因为霜很有用，霜很稠但又不像油膏那么油，而且湿润效果也好，比洗剂和溶液要好，对于发痒的第一个原因的治疗方法是使用润肤膏。
Now, I like to educate my patients on something that I call the
“Three Minute Rule”. Everyone loves to shower. When we take a hot
shower, it’s one of the great pleasures of life. People really love
it. It makes them feel good—except after the hot shower. If you are
someone who itches because of dry skin, a hot shower makes your
itch far worse. What is the right way to take a shower? The right
way for a patient with dry skin, there are just a couple of simple
rules. The first one is that you can’t use hot water. We have to
use lukewarm water. You want it where the water is just a little
bit cold, colder than you’re used to and not hot because it
certainly does help to prevent itching to use lukewarm water. The
second rule is that you don’t want to take a long shower. Fifteen
minutes is all we permit. You take a lukewarm shower for fifteen
minutes, and when you get out, pat dry. ⑤Now, I’m stealing one of
the great joys from patients who itch because when you get out,
it’s so nice to do a vigorous dry. That’s the only time that a
diligent patient gets to scratch with their towel. Instead, we
advise you just to pat dry to get rid of the water on your skin by
patting the skin until you’re dry. Then, you have three minutes
from when you get out of the shower to apply your moisturizer. Why
is that? If you’ve ever applied Vaseline to your hand, and you take
a cup of water and you pour it on you notice that the water beads
up. The water can’t penetrate through that ointment because it’s
such an effective water barrier. You turn your hand to the side,
and that water comes off in beads because it’s such a good barrier
for water. When you get out of the shower, our stratum corneum,
which is the top layer of our skin, it functions like a sponge.
It’s filled with water. When you get out, you have three minutes
before that water evaporates. Once you pat dry, you get out, and
you apply the moisturizer, it does the same thing on the inside as
it would do on the outside. Meaning it traps the water inside your
skin, and it moisturizes wonderfully; so, lukewarm water, fifteen
minute shower, pat dry, and then your three minute rule. But
anyways, this really does work if you have dry skin.
现在，我想教我的病人们一个方法，我把它叫做“3分钟法则”。每个人都爱洗澡。当我们洗热水澡时，那是生活中最快乐的事情之一，人们都爱洗澡，洗澡让人们感觉很好，但不能是热水澡。如果你是因为干燥皮肤而发痒，热水澡会使你痒得更厉害。洗澡的正确方法是什么？皮肤干燥的病人洗澡，有一些简单的法则要遵循。第一就是你不能洗热水澡，要洗温水澡，你需要让你觉得有点儿凉的水，比你习惯的凉一些，不热，因为用温水洗澡确实可以帮助止痒。第二条法则是洗澡时间不要过长，15分钟足够了。你洗一个15分钟的温水澡，洗完出来，拍干。现在，我在剥夺发痒病人的巨大快乐，因为当你洗完澡出来，用力擦干身体感觉很好。只有在这个时候，病人才能用毛巾挠痒痒，而我们建议你把身体拍干，轻拍皮肤把皮肤上的水去除，直到身体干了。这样，从你洗完澡出来，到抹润肤膏，你有3分钟的时间，为什么？如果你在手上涂凡士林，拿一杯水倒上去，你会注意到水变成一串水珠，水不能穿透油脂层，因为它是一层有效的防水层。你将手侧翻，水会串成水珠掉下来，因为它是很好的防水层。当大家洗完澡，我们的角质层，即皮肤最表面的一层，会起到像海绵一样的作用，它充满了水分，你洗完澡出来在水蒸发之前，有3分钟时间。一旦你拍干身体，走出来，抹润肤膏，它对内部所起的作用和对外部是一样的，也就是说它挡住了皮肤内部的水分，起到了极好的润肤效果。所以温水，15分钟，拍干，
3分钟法则，无论如何，如果你的皮肤干燥，这个方法是起作用的。 难点破解 ① The strength of a moisturizer
is based on the vehicle.
对“vehicle”一词的正确理解是理解本句的关键，“vehicle”最常见的意义为“交通工具”，显然，此处此意义不合适，应将“vehicle
”理解为“介质”或“媒介”，即润肤膏的强度取决于介质。 ② In these two cases, the water content
is far greater than the oil content. “content
”的本义为“内容”，在此语境中，应将“content
”理解为“含量”，即“水含量”和“油含量”，本句可理解为：这两种的含水量要远远高于含油量。 ③ They’re not too
thick, and they''re not too greasy, but they''re still far more water
than oil. 本句理解的重点在于短语“far more
than”的含义，它的含义是“不只”，即它们不会很稠，也不会太滑腻，但它们仍然更像水而不是油。 ④ If you were
really moisturizing someone because it was an itch that was so bad
that it needed to be treated, we would tend to use an ointment
because it tends to work the best. 本句中出现了多个复杂句，“if
”引导的条件状语从句中包含了一个由 “because”引导的原因状语从句，在原因状语从句中有一个强调句式，即“it was...
that”，用以强调“itch”，在强调句式中又有一个结果状语从句，即“so...
that...”，理解为“如此……以至于……”，这一条件状语从句可理解为：如果你想真正的湿润皮肤，因为它实在是很痒，以至于需要治疗。在主句“we
would tend to...work the best”中又出现了一个原因状语从句。 ⑤ Now, I’m stealing
one of the great joys from patients who itch because when you get
out, it’s so nice to do a vigorous dry.
“stealing”成为理解本句的关键，“steal”的本义为“偷”，但在本句中应理解为“剥夺”。
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