第二节 真题难句超精解
在本节中,我们将利用第一章学到的语法知识和难句分析方法,对二十年考研英语真题中出现的120个经典难句进行深度解析。众所周知,任何学习都是有层次和梯度的,长难句的分析也是如此,必须遵循由易到难,循序渐进的原则,因此,在本节我将120个难句按照难度分为基础篇和提高篇,对每一个经典难句都给出了核心词汇、考点透析、结构导图、具体分析、技巧点拨和参考译文,只要同学们能把从基础篇到提高篇的120个难句真正弄透弄懂,必能将语法知识融会贯通,阅读理解能力也必将有一个质的飞跃!
一、基础篇
1.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of
individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to
maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their
incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how
resources are used to produce it.
【核心词汇】
desire [di''zai?]
v.n.欲望,愿望,渴望
resource [ri''s?:s] n. pl.复数 资源,财力
maximize [''m?ksimaiz] v.
最大化
profit [''pr?fit] n.利润,利益
couple with加上,与……相结合
【考点透析】强调句、主动句与被动句
【结构导图】
Thus, in the American economic system‖ it isthe demand of
individual consumers, coupled
状语
with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire
of individuals to maximize their
被强调部分(主语)
Incomes, that together determine ‖what shall be produced and how
resources are used to
谓语
宾语从句
produce it.
【具体分析】本句的主干是It is … that… ,被强调的部分有三个:the demand of individual
consumers(个体消费者的需求), the desire of businessmen to maximize
profits(商人追求利润最大化的欲望)和the desire of individuals to maximize their
incomes(消费者个人对收入最大化的欲望),其中coupled
with和and起连接作用。在that引导的部分中,determine(决定)作谓语,后面的两个从句what shall be
produced(什么应该被生产)和how resources are used to produce
it(资源怎么用来生产这些产品)都是determine的宾语从句。
【技巧点拨】按照汉语的习惯,英文中的被动句往往翻译成主动句,如what shall be produced(什么应该被生产)和how
resources are used to produce
it(资源怎么用来生产这些产品)变成主动句(厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生产)就更符合中文的习惯。
【参考译文】因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求,加上商人追求利润最大化的欲望和消费者个人对收入最大化的欲望,一起决定了厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生产。
2.In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price
system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to
relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by
seller-producers.
【核心词汇】
mechanism [''mek?niz?m]
n.机制
relative [''rel?tiv] a.相对的,比较的
process [''pr?uses]
n.过程,程序
in response to作为对...的反应
【考点透析】同位语、定语从句
【结构导图】
In the American economy,this mechanism is provided by a price
system, a process‖ in
状语
主干
同位语
which prices rise and fall‖ in response to relative demands of
consumers and supplies ‖offered
定语从句
状语
by seller-producers.
后置定语
【具体分析】本句的主干是this mechanism is provided by a price
system(这一机制是由价格体系来提供的),后面的a process(一个过程)是a price
system的同位语,即价格体系就是一个过程,而process后面的which引导的是一个定语从句修饰a price
system;定语从句的主干是prices rise and fall(价格上升和下降) ,后面的介词结构in response
to(作为对...的反应,也可以意译为“随着”) 作状语,修饰rise and fall ,而in response
to后面带两个宾语:relative demands of consumers(消费者的相对需求)和supplies offered
by seller-producers(销售-生产商提供的供给)。
【技巧点拨】由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。例如,Mr.
Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. (我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。)our
new teacher是Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。
【参考译文】在美国经济中,这一机制是由价格体系来提供的。价格体系是一个过程,在这一过程中,价格随着消费者的相对需求和销售-生产商提供的供给而涨落。
3.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces
not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain
rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or
to make a free contract with another private individual.
【核心词汇】
property [''pr?p?ti]
n.财产,所有权,性质
ownership [''?un??ip]n.所有权,所有制
embrace [im''breis]
v.包括,包含,拥抱
contract [''k?ntr?kt] n.合同;v.收缩
productive resources生产资料
【考点透析】并列结构not only… but also(不仅…而且)
【结构导图】
In the American economy, (the concept of private property) embraces
not only the ownership
状语
主语
谓语
of productive resources but also certain rights, including the
right to determine the price of a
宾语
定语
product or to make a free contract with another private
individual.
【具体分析】本句的主干为The concept embraces not only … but also …
(私有财产的概念不仅包含…而且包含…),其中but also certain
rights(也包含某些权力)后面的部分including the right to determine the price of a
product or to make a free contract with an other private
individual(包括产品价格的决定权,或者和其他个人自由签订合同的权利)是修饰certain
rights的定语,补充说明其范围。
【技巧点拨】right to 为固定搭配表示…的权力,例如Everyone has the right to live in his
own way. (每人都有权按自己的方式生活)。
【参考译文】在美国经济中,私有财产这一概念不仅包含生产资料的所有权,而且包含某些权力,包括产品价格的决定权或和其他个人自由签订合同的权利。
4.Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up
sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold
what, when, and to whom.
【核心词汇】
cash
register现金出纳机,收银机
ring up记录,打电话
more
than不仅仅是
a range of一些,一系列
【考点透析】比较级more than 的用法
【结构导图】
(Electronic cash registers )can do much more than simply ring up
sales. (They )can keep
主语
谓语
宾语
主语 谓语
a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to
whom.
宾语
定语
【具体分析】 第一句中的由do much more than的意思是“做的不只是”,说明ring up
sales(记录销售金额)只是electronic cash registers(电子现金出纳机)工作的一部分;第二句中的who
sold what, when, and to whom(谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁) 是including的宾语。
【技巧点拨】more than的本意表示“超过,多于”在不同的语境下也可以翻译成“不仅仅,不只是,非常”例如,They were
more than glad to help us.(他们非常乐意帮助我们。)She was more than a
student.(她不只是个学生。)
【参考译文】电子现金出纳机做的不只是简单地记录销售金额。它们可以做一系列的记录,包括谁在何时把什么东西卖给了谁。
5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest
and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and
staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify
preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
【核心词汇】
personnel [,p?:s?''nel]
n.全体员工,人事
staffing [''stɑ:fi?] n.配备工作人员
assignment [?''sainm?nt] n.安排,作业,任务
accordingly [?''k?:di?li] ad.相应地,因此
identify [ai''dentifai]
v.识别,鉴别
preferred [pri''f?d] a.优先的,更受喜爱的
promotional [pr?''m?u??n?l] a.促销的,提升的
【考点透析】宾语从句、现在分词作状语
【结构导图】At the same time,( these computers) record which hours are
busiest and which
状语
主语
谓语
宾语从句
employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing
assignments to be made
状语
accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for
promotional campaigns.
主语
谓语
宾语
【具体分析】第一个句子的主语是these computers(这些计算机)
,谓语是record(记录),后面有两个以and连接的宾语从句which hours are
busiest(哪些时间段是最忙的)和which employees are the most
efficient(哪些雇员是最有效率的) ,作record的宾语;逗号之后的现在分词结构allowing personnel and
staffing assignments to be made
accordingly(从而使得全体员工工作任务的分配被做出来)作全句的状语。第二句话是个典型的主谓宾结构的简单句。
【技巧点拨】①被动句变主动句,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be
made
accordingly(从而使得全体员工工作任务的分配被相应地做出来)变成(从而可以相应地作出全体员工工作任务的分派)②employer表示“雇主”,employee表示“雇员”,同理tester表示“考官,测试人员”,testee表示“考生,被测试人员”。
【参考译文】同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率,从而可以相应地作出全体员工工作任务的分派。此外,他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。